No abstract

The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of water-immersion restraint stress (WIRS) on tryptophan (Trp) catabolism through the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway in rat tissues. The tissues of rats subjected to 6 h of WIRS (+WIRS) had increased tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activities and increased TDO and IDO1 (one of two IDO isozymes in mammals) mRNA expression levels, with decreased Trp and increased Kyn contents in the liver. +WIRS rats had unchanged TDO and IDO activities in the kidney, decreased TDO activity and unchanged IDO activity in the brain, and unchanged IDO activity in the lung and spleen, with increased Kyn content in all of these tissues. Pretreatment of stressed rats with RU486, a glucocorticoid antagonist, attenuated the increased TOD activity, but not the increased IDO activity, with partial recoveries of the decreased Trp and increased Kyn contents in the liver. These results indicate that WIRS enhances hepatic Trp catabolism by inducing both IDO1 and TDO in rats.

No abstract

(< 1 COI, n = 7) levels were 78%/48%, 100%/82%, and 100%/100%, respectively. The differences in survival rates between groups were significant (p = 0.0041). Patients with high WFA + -M2BP levels had a significantly higher incidence of HCC than those with low WFA + -M2BP levels (p = 0.0019). Cumulative 5-yr carcinogenesis rates in patients with high, intermediate, and low WFA + -M2BP levels were 48.7%, 16.9%, and 0%, respectively; the differences between groups were significant (p = 0.002). Serum WFA + -M2BP levels might allow the prediction of carcinogenesis and outcome in CHC patients with advanced fibrosis.

We found that four cases of HBV/G/A2 recombinant among MSM patients in the metropolitan areas of Japan, and HBV/A co-infections are required for its efficient replication. High-risk groups such as MSM should be carefully tested for infection of genotype G-derived variants.