Immune clearance and insufficient targeting have limited the efficacy of existing therapeutic strategies for cancer. Toxic side effects and individual differences in response to treatment have further limited the benefits of clinical treatment for patients. Biomimetic cancer cell membrane-based nanotechnology has provided a new approach for biomedicine to overcome these obstacles. Biomimetic nanoparticles exhibit various effects (e.g., homotypic targeting, prolonging drug circulation, regulating the immune system, and penetrating biological barriers) after encapsulation by cancer cell membranes. The sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic methods will also be improved by utilizing the properties of cancer cell membranes. In this review, different properties and functions of cancer cell membranes are presented. Utilizing these advantages, nanoparticles can exhibit unique therapeutic capabilities in various types of diseases, such as solid tumors, hematological malignancies, immune system diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, cancer cell membrane-encapsulated nanoparticles show improved effectiveness and efficiency in combination with current diagnostic and therapeutic methods, which will contribute to the development of individualized treatments. This strategy has promising clinical translation prospects, and the associated challenges are discussed.
Background: To validate the feasibility of generating high-resolution intravascular 3.0 Tesla (T) magnetic resonance imaging of the coronary artery wall to further plaque imaging.Methods: A receive-only 0.014-inch diameter magnetic resonance imaging guidewire (MRIG) was manufactured for intravascular imaging within a phantom experiment and the coronary artery wall of the swine. For coronary artery wall imaging, both high-resolution images and conventional resolution images were acquired. A 16-channel commercial surface coil for magnetic resonance imaging was employed for the control group.Results: For the phantom experiment, the MRIG showed a higher signal-to-noise ratio than the surface coil. The peak signal-to-noise ratio of the MRIG and the surface coil-generated imaging were 213.6 and 19.8, respectively. The signal-to-noise ratio decreased rapidly as the distance from the MRIG increased. For the coronary artery wall experiment, the vessel wall imaging by the MRIG could be identified clearly, whereas the vessel wall imaging by the surface coil was blurred. The average signal-to-noise ratio of the artery wall was 21.1±5.40 by the MRIG compared to 8.4±2.19 by the surface coil, where the resolution was set at 0.2 mm × 0.2 mm × 2 mm. As expected, the high-resolution sequence clearly showed more details than the conventional resolution sequence set at 0.7 mm × 0.7 mm × 2.0 mm. Histological examination showed no evidence of mechanical injuries in the target vessel walls. Conclusions:The study validated the feasibility of generating magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 0.2 mm × 0.2 mm × 2 mm for the coronary artery wall using a 0.014 inch MRIG.
Multimodal imaging technology were extensively studied over past few years, because they offered complementary diagnosis information, which can increase the accuracy of diagnosis. The synthesis of contrast agents via simplified methods are desired for the development of multimodal imaging. Herein, uniformly distributed Fe3O4/Gd2O3 nanocubes for T1-T2 dual-mode contrast agents were rationally designed and successfully fabricated by our group. In this system, the Fe3O4/Gd2O3 nanocubes were coated with nontoxic 3,4-dihydroxyhydrocinnamic acid (DHCA) for better hydrophilia and biocompatibility. The results show that Ferrum (Fe) and Gadolinium (Gd) elements are homo-dispersity in the Fe3O4/Gd2O3-DHCA (FGDA) nanocubes. Relaxivity study at 3.0 T scanner demonstrates that the r1 value and r2 value of FGDA nanocubes reach up to 67.57 ± 6.2 mM-1s-1 and 24.2 ± 1.46 mM-1s-1. The images of T1-weighted and T2-weighted imaging in vivo demonstrate that FGDA nanocubes possess the ability of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging enhancement as dual-mode contrast agent. The above illustrated experimental results indicate that FGDA nanocubes can be applied in clinical diagnosis in future.
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