Cephalopods use a diverse range of body patterns for visual communication. Each pattern is composed of several distinct chromatic components that are under neural control and are expressed dynamically. In the oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana, males use distinct body patterns to interact with females and other males at the spawning site. To systematically examine their visual signals during reproductive behavior, an ethogram of 27 body pattern components produced by S. lessoniana was observed in both the wild and captivity; these were then characterized. Five behaviors were commonly seen among these reproductively active squids, namely parallel swimming, male guarding, male-male fighting, male-parallel mating, and male-upturn mating. Each behavior was found to be composed of the expression in a temporal sequence of different chromatic components. By analyzing the dynamic body patterning time series associated with each behavior, it was found that a certain subset of components was expressed simultaneously or sequentially in response to conspecifics. Importantly, the results not only revealed that each behavior is composed of multiple chromatic components, but the findings also showed that each component is often associated with multiple behaviors. To gain insight into the visual communication associated with each behavior in terms of the body patterning's key components, the co-expression frequencies of two or more components at any moment in time were calculated in order to assess uniqueness when distinguishing one behavior from another. This approach identified the minimum set of key components that, when expressed together, represents an unequivocal visual communication signal. While the interpretation of the signal and the associated response of the receiver during visual communication are difficult to determine, the concept of the component assembly is similar to a typical language within which individual words often have multiple meanings, but when they appeared together with other words, the message becomes unequivocal. The present study thus demonstrates that dynamic body pattering, by expressing unique sets of key components acutely, is an efficient way of communicating behavioral information between oval squids.
We report here the bulge testing results of both dense and porous poly-arylethers (PAE) polymeric low dielectric constant thin films. These films were prepared on a 4.7-μm-thick Si membrane window of 1600×1600 μm2. The Si membrane was subsequently removed in a pulsed XeF2 etcher and the remaining thin film became the bulge test sample. The biaxial moduli of both the dense and 40% porosity low-k PAE thin films were measured to be 6.40±0.35 and 3.53±0.70 GPa, respectively. These biaxial moduli, when combined with the thermal stress data of these films, enabled us to estimate the thermal expansion coefficients in the range of 26.8–32.6 and 56.1–72.5 ppm/°C for the dense and porous PAE films, respectively.
Governing factors in stress response of nanoparticle films on water surface J. Appl. Phys. 110, 102218 (2011) Nanomechanical properties of sputter-deposited HfO2 and HfxSi1-xO2 thin films J. Appl. Phys. 110, 043527 (2011) Effect of epitaxial strain on the cation distribution in spinel ferrites CoFe2O4 and NiFe2O4: A density functional theory study Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 081916 (2011) Direct measurement of intrinsic critical strain and internal strain in barrier films J. Appl. Phys. 110, 044907 (2011) Misfit dislocation formation via pre-existing threading dislocation glide in (112) We measured the mechanical properties of dense and porous polymeric films, the modified polyarylethers, which have a low dielectric constant varying from 2.7 to 1.8, by combining three different methods; membrane bulge test, nanoindentation, and single-substrate bending beam method. The elastic modulus and initial stress measured from these three methods are in good agreement. The substrate effect was observed in the measurements by nanoindentation. Data obtained by nanoindentation show a significant dependence on the film thickness and the displacement depth of the indenter. However, the hardness of the low dielectric constant thin film does not depend on thickness and only slightly depends on the indentation depth. A tentative analysis is proposed to explain the results.
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