No abstract

No abstract

This paper presents a 60 GHz, 16% tuning range VCO, and a 40 GHz, 18 bits, 14% tuning range DCO incorporating variable inductor (VID) techniques. The variable inductor, consisting of a transformer and a variable resistor, is tunable by adjusting its resistor. By employing the proposed frequency tuning scheme, wide-tuning range as well as multi-band operation are achieved without sacrificing their operating frequencies. To verify the operation principles, the VCO and DCO are both fabricated in 90 nm CMOS technology. The tuning range of VCO is from 52.2 GHz to 61.3 GHz. The measured phase noise from a 61.3-GHz carrier is about 118.75 dBc/Hz at 10-MHz offset, and the output power is 6.6 dBm. It dissipates 8.7 mW from a 0.7-V supply, and the chip size is . On the other hand, the DCO is capable of covering frequency range from 37.6 GHz to 43.4 GHz. The measured phase noise from a 43 GHz carrier is about 109 dBc/Hz at 10-MHz offset, and the output power is 11 dBm. The DCO core dissipates 19 mW from a 1.2-V supply. Chip size is . Index Terms-Digital controlled oscillator (DCO), millimeterwave (MMW) band, ultra wide band (UWB), variable inductor (VID), voltage controlled oscillator (VCO).

In this work, a new structure of low-photocurrent CMOS retinal focal-plane sensor with pseudo-BJT smoothing network and adaptive current Schmitt trigger is proposed. The proposed structure is very simple and compact. This new circuit can easily be implemented in CMOS technology with a small chip area. Another innovation of this circuit is that the proposed circuit could be operated for low-induced current levels (pA), and the current hysteresis of the proposed current Schmitt trigger could be adjusted adaptively according to the value of induced photocurrents. In this work, the detection of static and moving objects, such as a moving white bar, are proven by projecting a pattern through HSPICE simulation. The proposed retinal focal-plane sensor includes a 32 32 pixel array with a pixel size of 70 70 m 2 . The fill factor is 75% and the total chip area is 3000 3030 m 2 . It is with fully functional 32 32 implementations consuming less than 8.8 W per pixel at 3.3 V. Measurement results show that the proposed new retinal focal-plane sensor has successfully been used in character recognition of scanner systems, such as pen scanners, etc.

No abstract