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Different materials were implanted in muscles of dogs to study the osteoinduction of calcium phosphate biomaterials. Bone formation was only seen in calcium phosphate biomaterials with micropores, and could be found in hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramic, tricalcium phosphate/hydroxyapatite ceramic (BCP), beta-TCP ceramic and calcium phosphate cement. The osteoinductive potential was different in different materials. The results indicate that osteoinduction can be a property of calcium phosphate biomaterials when they exhibit specific chemical and structural characteristics.

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biodegradable gels, since physical crosslinking based on electrostatic interactions is generally favored over the use of chemical crosslinking to achieve sustained drug release, [ 17 ] cell attachment, [ 18 ] or hydrogel formation. [ 19 ] Recently, oppositely charged dextran microspheres [ 20 ] or poly(lactic-co -glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanospheres [ 21 ] have been used to form moldable scaffolds, but only indirect proof for electrostatic self-assembly was provided based on rheological characterization, while the underlying gel formation mechanism was not elucidated. Moreover, disadvantages of these gels include: i) the necessity to derivatize dextran or PLGA by grafting charged groups onto the polymer backbone, which moreover induced cytotoxicity; [20b] ii) the release of harmful degradation byproducts, such as lactic and glycolic acid (in case of PLGA nanospheres), which can denature entrapped signaling proteins [ 22 ] and cause infl ammatory responses [ 23 ] of the host tissue; and iii) the absence of cell-adhesive peptide sequences required for the attachment of anchorage-dependent mesenchymal stem cells such as fi bro-and osteoblasts. [ 17 ]

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