Influenza epidemics are associated with a rise in autopsy-confirmed coronary deaths. Influenza vaccination should be advocated for patients at high risk of developing cardiovascular events.

WHO recommends the inclusion of PCVs in childhood vaccination programs world-wide. Many countries including the Russian Federation are currently planning the inclusion of PCVs in their National Immunization Programs and, therefore, data on the pneumococcal serotype distribution is important to estimate the potential disease impact. Here we review eight recent epidemiological studies on the pneumococcal serotype distribution from Russia. Across all studies, serotypes 6B, 14, 19F and 23F were the most prevalent. Interestingly, serotype 3 was relatively common. Serotype 19A was prevalent among AOM, CAP and nasopharyngeal isolates and among antibiotic resistant isolates in all age groups. The differences in serotype coverage between PCV10 and PCV13 were up to 26%. Based on the current data on serotype distribution, a wide use of PCVs in Russia may lead to a significant reduction of the pneumococcal disease burden.

The review article is devoted to the analysis of the literature on the various mechanisms of damage to the cardiovascular system in COVID-19. The article briefly outlines the epidemiology and urgency of the COVID-19 problem, describes the features of the clinical picture of heart muscle damage in COVID-19. The pathophysiology, morphology and pathogenetic mechanisms of myocardial involvement in cases of SARS-CoV-2 lesion are considered in detail. The authors present a diagram of various mechanisms of myocardial damage in COVID-19, which includes mediated damage to the heart muscle through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, myocardial damage caused by hypoxemia, microvascular heart damage, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. A detailed scheme of cardiomyocyte infection with the involvement of cytokines, which ultimately leads to myocardial remodeling and dilated cardiomyopathy, is presented. The pathophysiological foundations of the development of sudden cardiac death in COVID-19, which include the mechanisms of life-threatening arrhythmias, acute coronary syndrome, and heart failure, are considered. The authors analyzed scientific studies of the toxic effects of COVID-19 drug treatment on the heart muscle, in particular, antiviral, antibacterial, antimalarial agents. Their potential benefits and harms, as well as the likelihood of developing cardiovascular events, in particular sudden cardiac death, were assessed.

No abstract

Since March 2020, the first reports have appeared about the increasing, almost everywhere, number of children who have undergone a new coronovirus infection caused by SARS-Cov-2 with a symptom complex resembling the manifestations of Kawasaki disease. A special feature of the clinical manifestations of this syndrome, which is called “Pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19”, is the high incidence of life-threatening conditions caused by the sharp development of arterial hypotension against the background of cardiogenic or vasogenic shock.In St. Petersburg, since the end of November 2020, there has been a sharp surge in admissions of children to the ICU of various hospitals with the clinic of Pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome, who have laboratory confirmation of the transferred COVID-19.The purpose of this article is to attract the attention of doctors of various profiles, to combine efforts to study this pathology, to determine the criteria for verifying the diagnosis, optimal treatment regimens and dispensary monitoring of patients who have been ill.

Резюме Терапия хронического гепатита С (ХГС) с примене-нием безинтерфероновых схем является высокоэффек-

The work objective was to carry out the analysis of the existing in the Russian Federation monitoring of the incidence of new coronavirus infection in children and specific features of death cases caused by COVID-19 in children. Materials and methods. The analysis of the data of operative statistics presented on the sites of the governments of the regions where the incidence among children was considered within the period from April 22, 2020 to June 26, 2020, as well as the data of the Main non-staff experts in infectious diseases in children was performed. The inpatient medical documentation and the data of pathologicoanatomic investigation of children died due to COVID-19 were analyzed. Results. Prevalence of COVID-19 in children from various regions of the Russian Federation was from 1% to 8.6% in the structure of general disease incidence. The asymptomatic and mild forms of the disease which did not require hospitalization, were noted in 55–60% of the cases. 12 death cases associated with COVID-19 were registered for June 22, 2020. The analysis of 8 presented cases showed that 6 patients out of 8 died children were of the first half of the year of life (3 girls and 5 boys). In most cases the children were admitted to the hospital at the 8–12th day of the disease in severe and extremely severe condition due to pulmonary-cardiac insufficiency, six patients had fever up to 38–39°С, four patients had signs of consciousness depression. All children were diagnosed with community-acquired bilateral pneumonia according to the data of roentgenography, ultrasound investigation or computer tomography of the chest organs that did not always coincide with the intensity of respiratory syndrome. The direct cause of death was cardiac or pulmonary-cardiac insufficiency. Conclusion. The analysis of clinical and laboratory manifestations of COVID-19 with an unfavourable outcome in children revealed some difficulties in the interpretation of its role in thanatogenesis. The significance of comorbid pathologies in the development of unfavourable outcomes is doubtless.

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