An overview of the current status of the eco-terrorism problem based on domestic and foreign research has been presented. Its phenomenology, types, factors and prevention have been considered. The basic definitions of eco-terrorism have been stated. Despite numerous publications contemporary international scientific community has not yet come to a common understanding of the term "eco-terrorism", has not developed a comprehensive and universally acceptable definition. It has been stated that various international documents gave different definitions of terrorism. The national legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as the other countries has no a clear definition of "eco-terrorism". Eco-terrorism is understood as various facts of forced impact on environment including change in physical, chemical and electrical properties of the oceans and seas. Backgrounds of environmental aggression and eco-terrorism have been presented. Public danger factors of eco-terrorism have been described. Transformation of the terrorism's basic paradigms as well as actual facts and specific character of ecological terroristic acts have been presented. Problems of safety in emergency situations of ecological nature, antiterrorist protection and the eco-terrorism organization in Russia and other countries have been considered.
Rescue teams of the Emercom of Russia include medical professionals as well but their number is insufficient for providing emergency specialist medical care to victims in emergency situations (ES). The goal is to determine the structural and dynamic indicators of emergencies in Russia during 2002-2016 and, on the basis of the data obtained, to develop the methodological foundations for creating mobile medical teams for mitigating medical and sanitary (health) ES consequences. The data on ESs presented in state reports "On the state of protection of the population and territories of the Russian Federation from natural and man-made emergency situations" have been analyzed. Over the past 15 years, 7,388 ESs have been registered in Russia, in which 13,868 people died. Local ESs accounted for 50.1 %, municipal ones - 34.5 %, intermunicipal - 11.6 %, regional - 3.3 %, interregional - 0.25 % and federal - 0.25 % among all the ESs. Traffic accidents, including trains, ships and aircrafts, as well explosions in industrial, residential and other buildings caused the most significant damage. The risk of exposure to 1 ES in Russia is (0.34 ± 0.03) per 100,000 people per year, to die in 1 ES - (1.97 ± 0.12) persons per year, the individual risk of death from one ES - (0.64 ± 0.06) per 100 thousand people per year. Due to social significance of ESs in Russia, the following mobile medical teams can be created at the Emercom of Russia: surgery (in case of explosions in industrial, residential and social buildings and major terrorist acts); traumatology (road accidents with serious consequences, accidents with freight and passenger trains, ships, aircrafts and subway trains); medical treatment (floods); basic treatment (earthquake, collapse of industrial, residential and other buildings, structures and rocks, large-scale fires); toxicology (accidents with actual or presumed release of chemically hazardous substances); radiology (accidents with actual or presumed release of radioactive substances). Upon arrival in ES area, the mobile medical team is included in the forces and means of the Emercom intended for elimination of ES consequences.
Relevance. The probability of emergency situations in the Barents region determines the need of improvement of forces and means of rendering first and emergency medical care to victims. In September 2017 the large-scale international exercise of rescue services of Russia, Norway, Sweden, and Finland under the code name “Barents-Rescue 2017” was carried out in the Republic of Karelia. The exercise worked oved rendering first-aid and emergency medical care to victims of emergency situations.Intention. To summarize experience in preparation, rendering and result assessment of first-aid and emergency medical care to victims of emergency situations in the framework of the international exercises.Methods. Medical document analysis (hospital records, medical triage records, expert assessment records), statistical analysis of groups using Student’s t-test. The exercise involved 76 victims with injuries of various severity levels, among them 30 were of minor severity, 19 were of medium severity and 27 were of heavy severity. They received first-aid and emergency medical care by 42 rescuers and 67 health workers (doctors, paramedics, nurses) of rescue services of Russia, Norway, Sweden, and Finland. Results assessment was made on the basis of the developed hospital records, medical triage records and expert assessment records and also statistical analysis methods.Result and their analysis. The average expert assessment of a first-aid rendered by rescuers was sufficiently high and was equal to 4.6 ± 0.1 on a 5-score rating system, where 5 points means providing full assistance in accordance with the established standards of its provision. A qualitative medical triage was provided competently, the ordering of evacuation was right, life-threatening damages and injuries were properly defined. At the stage of medical evacuation all the victims were provided with full assistance, there were no divergence of diagnoses, some differences from final diagnose were permissible at the stage of medical evacuation and had no effect on victim’s condition. In addition, a part of the victims in the hospital had medical cards, where was information about the diagnoses and the measures taken. These medical documents were also analyzed in terms of the timeliness and quality of the provision of specialized medical care to injured people in the hospital.Conclusion. The results of expert assessment during the international exercise of rescue services of Barents Rescue 2017 showed that the quality of first-aid, medical triage and emergency medical care during the evacuation and also in the hospital is high enough, but there were some remarks too. Suggestions and comments were addressed to the Exercise organizing committee to improve the engagement during first-aid and medical care to victim of the emergency and they were included in the final report on the exercise.
Цель исследования: на основании изучения исторических аспектов развития определить дальнейшие пути совершенствования теории и практики накостного остеосинтеза. Авторы систематизировали данные, касающиеся истории развития накостного остеосинтеза. Описаны начальные этапы становления оперативной травматологии, методики, применявшиеся пионерами остеосинтеза. Рассмотрены прототипы современных металлоконструкций и их эволюция с течением времени в связи с развитием науки и технологий. Разобраны предпосылки к формированию современных принципов накостного остеосинтеза. Описана эволюция взглядов на биологическую составляющую остеосинтеза, которая в результате привела к созданию современной концепции миниинвазивного остеосинтеза. Проанализированы исследования, направленные на сравнение результатов остеосинтеза различными металлоконструкциями. Также приведены последние литературные данные, посвящённые наиболее современным методикам накостного остеосинтеза. Определены дальнейшие пути эволюции взглядов на проблему накостного остеосинтеза, совершенствования существующих имплантатов и техники их установки. Ключевые слова: история остеосинтеза, накостный остеосинтез, минимально инвазивный остеосинтез пластинами. Objectives: to determine the ways of further development of theoretical and practical aspects of internal plate fixation, based on historical data. Authors systematized historical data concerning plate osteosynthesis. The beginnings of trauma surgery and surgical methods of fracture management of this period were described. Prototypes of modern plates and their development were reviewed in connection with progress in science and technology. Authors discussed prerequisites for developing principles of fracture management with different types of plates. Studies concerning different methods of osteosynthesis were analyzed. Also the most recent studies of modern methods of plate osteosynthesis were discussed. The ways of further development of internal fixators and implantation techniques were determined. Keywords: history of osteosynthesis, plate osteosynthesis, MIPO. В настоящее время основным методом лечения абсолютного большинства переломов является остеосинтез. Сегодня имеется возможность выполнения остеосинтеза переломов одной и той же локализации как интрамедуллярными фиксаторами, так и пластинами. Теория и практика остеосинтеза находятся в постоянном развитии. При этом, если в области интрамедуллярного остеосинтеза можно констатировать достижение определённого уровня развития технологии, после которого идёт только совершенствование отдельных частных деталей дизайна имплантатов и хирургической техники, то накостный остеосинтез развивается бурными темпами. Всё больше и больше значения придаётся биологической Список литературы
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