An overview of the current status of the eco-terrorism problem based on domestic and foreign research has been presented. Its phenomenology, types, factors and prevention have been considered. The basic definitions of eco-terrorism have been stated. Despite numerous publications contemporary international scientific community has not yet come to a common understanding of the term "eco-terrorism", has not developed a comprehensive and universally acceptable definition. It has been stated that various international documents gave different definitions of terrorism. The national legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as the other countries has no a clear definition of "eco-terrorism". Eco-terrorism is understood as various facts of forced impact on environment including change in physical, chemical and electrical properties of the oceans and seas. Backgrounds of environmental aggression and eco-terrorism have been presented. Public danger factors of eco-terrorism have been described. Transformation of the terrorism's basic paradigms as well as actual facts and specific character of ecological terroristic acts have been presented. Problems of safety in emergency situations of ecological nature, antiterrorist protection and the eco-terrorism organization in Russia and other countries have been considered.
Rescue teams of the Emercom of Russia include medical professionals as well but their number is insufficient for providing emergency specialist medical care to victims in emergency situations (ES). The goal is to determine the structural and dynamic indicators of emergencies in Russia during 2002-2016 and, on the basis of the data obtained, to develop the methodological foundations for creating mobile medical teams for mitigating medical and sanitary (health) ES consequences. The data on ESs presented in state reports "On the state of protection of the population and territories of the Russian Federation from natural and man-made emergency situations" have been analyzed. Over the past 15 years, 7,388 ESs have been registered in Russia, in which 13,868 people died. Local ESs accounted for 50.1 %, municipal ones - 34.5 %, intermunicipal - 11.6 %, regional - 3.3 %, interregional - 0.25 % and federal - 0.25 % among all the ESs. Traffic accidents, including trains, ships and aircrafts, as well explosions in industrial, residential and other buildings caused the most significant damage. The risk of exposure to 1 ES in Russia is (0.34 ± 0.03) per 100,000 people per year, to die in 1 ES - (1.97 ± 0.12) persons per year, the individual risk of death from one ES - (0.64 ± 0.06) per 100 thousand people per year. Due to social significance of ESs in Russia, the following mobile medical teams can be created at the Emercom of Russia: surgery (in case of explosions in industrial, residential and social buildings and major terrorist acts); traumatology (road accidents with serious consequences, accidents with freight and passenger trains, ships, aircrafts and subway trains); medical treatment (floods); basic treatment (earthquake, collapse of industrial, residential and other buildings, structures and rocks, large-scale fires); toxicology (accidents with actual or presumed release of chemically hazardous substances); radiology (accidents with actual or presumed release of radioactive substances). Upon arrival in ES area, the mobile medical team is included in the forces and means of the Emercom intended for elimination of ES consequences.
Aim. To summarize the experience of conducting special tactical exercises of the forces and means of the EMERCOM of Russia in the event of a massive admission of victims of an emergency of a biological and social nature (terrorist act) to a multidisciplinary hospital and an airmobile hospital of the EMERCOM of Russia.Materials and methods. The normative documents and experience in response of the EMERCOM of Russia during the training period with a massive influx of victims were analyzed.Results and their analysis. The results of special tactical exercises, the experience of the deployment and actions of the forces and means of the EMERCOM of Russia during the mass admission of victims of a terrorist act to a multidisciplinary hospital and an airmobile hospital of the EMERCOM of Russia are presented. For evacuating 50 victims, ambulance aircraft (MI-8 helicopter), ambulances and cars were used. The exercise was attended by over 300 people, including observers and participants in the exercise, victims.Conclusion. The data obtained are an important basis for maintaining the readiness of the forces and means of the Russian Emergencies Ministry to respond to emergencies.
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