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The combined use of hepatoprotectors and phytosorbents in theory is a promising method of pharmacotherapy of comorbid pathologies, as it creates the possibility of presenting them as the result of an extended search for the most relevant forms of manifestation of metabolic disorders, the results of which made it possible to identify general patterns of development and, accordingly, the main directions for their leveling.It was revealed that the main pathogenetic trend is the failure of metabolic processes in the gastrointestinal tract, which reduces the efficiency of feeding and causes a decrease or fluctuations in productivity (or product quality), the subsequent accumulation of products of disturbed metabolic processes with toxic properties - the development of a local syndrome of endogenous intoxication, a violation of the processes of cavitary and symbiotic digestion in the gastrointestinal tract, with increased alimentary insufficiency, functional overload of the digestive organs and primarily the liver, imbalance of the microbiota and local barrier mechanisms, generalization of the pathological process in the form of the development of systemic endogenous intoxication with the corresponding toxic depression of immunity, functions of organs and body systems, including including dysfunctions and the development of pathology of the hepatobiliary system, in the form of systemic metabolic disorders with the occurrence of a secondary deficiency of nutrients and biologically active substances, acid disorders butalkaline balance and dystrophic phenomena.The main purpose of this article is, based on the analysis of literary sources, to identify the pathogenetic basis for the combined use of drugs from the hepatoprotector groups and phytosorbents.We searched for original studies in the scientific databases PubMed, Elsevier Science (Scopus) and Clarivate Analytics (Web of Science) over the past 20 years to identify the features of the above processes, after which a formalized content analysis of the found publications was carried out.A better understanding of the various mechanisms involved in pathogenesis involving the liver and intestinal microbiota will contribute to the development of improved pharmacological approaches to the treatment of these pathologies.

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The animals were under constant observation until the calves reached the age of 180 days. Standard clinical examinations included heart rate, respiration rate, and rectal thermometry. Only clinically healthy animals were

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In the conditions of the milk production complex in the Voronezh region, where Holstein cattle are kept, studies were conducted to study the degree of injury to blood cells during its selection by various methods in healthy calves and with endogenous intoxication syndrome. In healthy animals, blood sampling by passive leakage does not affect the membranes of erythrocytes. When using vacuum systems, there are no visual signs (hemolysis) of cell destruction, but changes in their cytoskeleton occur with an increase in the sensitivity of membranes to negative pre-analytical factors. In animals with endogenous intoxication syndrome, there are explicit or hidden destruction of erythrocyte membranes, which are manifested by an increase in the content of extra-erythrocyte hemoglobin, the degree of physiological hemolysis, sensitivity to intra- and extravascular hemolytic factors. As a result, already when selecting blood samples by passive gravity, there is a risk of hemolysis, and when using a vacuum system, it is observed in most samples. Therefore, when examining sick animals, it is necessary to take into account the high probability of laboratory diagnostic error at the pre-analytical stage that occurs due to hemolysis of erythrocytes with hypersensitivity to extravascular cytolytic factors, including mechanical effects during blood sampling.

The studies on the peculiarities of hemostatic indices in calves (n=250) of Holstein- Friesian breed with diverse birth weights were conducted under the conditions of a dairy farm with the aid of generally accepted clinical, instrumental and laboratory methods. The research has demonstrated that in comparison with the adults the newborns weighing from 36.5 to 29 kg revealed a diversity of hemostatic indices but generally there was a functionally acceptable balance of its links without a tendency to coagulopathy or thrombosis. Fetal growth restriction in cattle with low birth weight has a significant effect on the hemostatic system. Insufficient weight of more than 7 % provokes hypercoagulability syndrome which is caused by increased levels of adrenalin, toxic products of impaired metabolism and destruction of erythrocyte membranes. The newborns with lower weight demonstrated signs of primary coagulopathy conditioned by functional inferiority of the organs in which the synthesis of coagulation factors occurred that led to the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation. The revealed dependence of the hemostatic disorders evidence on the severity of weight insufficiency indicates coagulopathy, emerging in epigenetics of the main pathology after primary damage and conditioning the severity of the newborns’ state, as one of the main mechanisms of hypotrophy pathogenesis.

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