It has been established that with the development of society, the growth of the impact of human actions on the agro-ecological system of the Earth, and at the same time the satisfaction of its life activity, there is a need to apply new methods in the management of natural resources. Today, space photography, which is carried out through various carriers from space with the support of filming equipment, is the primary means of obtaining information. It is highlighted that information from space and photo-aerial imaging is sufficiently used in cartography, when solving problems in all areas of science and technology and the formation of geo-information systems. Every year, the volume of products related to mapping and geoinformation expands, new areas for using information from space surveys appear. The specificity of space surveying for several decades is the acquisition of data from aerial surveys with very high spatial resolution (<1 m), the growth in the spectral resolution of surveying systems and the implementation of spectral surveying. It is highlighted that by the model of remote sensing of the Earth we understand the system of receiving and converting input signals of the electromagnetic spectrum into outputs that form images or point output data about objects on the terrain. It is emphasized that in the last decades, remote sensing of the Earth is especially used to obtain informative data about the agro-ecological surface of the earth. Natural characteristics of soil types, vegetation, etc. were obtained with the help of remote sensing of the Earth. Many countries of the world use the information obtained with the help of aerospace means of remote sensing of the Earth quite widely, on its basis they successfully search for minerals, assess the rural potential of regions and countries, conduct analysis of agricultural lands, distinguish types and types of agricultural crops, implement yield forecasts, monitor the condition soils and pastures, perform its monitoring. The crisis of a soil science nature in Ukraine is caused by the functioning of the administrative-command economy in the past.
The article aims to study the use of normal and convergent stereo-photographic techniques to determine physical condition of a building, to compare errors obtained using a digital non-specialized camera, and use these methods in the inventory and certification of real estate. Monitoring architectural monuments is currently one of the most urgent problems. The development of large cities in which architectural monuments are under threat of destruction requires modern and effective technology for monitoring which is possible using low-cost photogrammetry methods: digital images and cheap software. The development of digital cameras into terrestrial photogrammetry resulted in fundamentally new methods and photogrammetric technologies. In case of monitoring objects of small sizes, such as architectural monuments, the cost of shooting equipment is one of the most significant factors, which reduces the cost of work, therefore, in the vast majority of cases, only digital non-metric cameras are used for shooting. The most significant problem is the calibration of digital non-metric cameras. Currently, a huge number of options for calibrating digital cameras have been developed. These options differ in calibration method, type of test object, type of mathematical model for accounting for distortion (algebraic, physical or hybrid model) The present study how that accuracy of the convergent method is almost 2 times higher than that of the normal photogrammetric survey method and provides a large survey overlap area. Comparing all the indicators and characteristics of these methods, we concluded the feasibility, high profitability, and low complexity of the convergent method of stereo photography to perform inventory and certification of real estate. We found that when surveying building using convergent method it is necessary to use 2 times fewer stations than when surveying by normal method. Thus, the convergent method is 2 times faster and more efficiently.
Purpose. The purpose of this research is to prove the importance and necessity of further development of national inventories by implementing 3D/4D inventories that will improve the management decision-making process, the proposed technology will measure and update national inventories in real time. A robust verification system must continue to ensure the integrity of the inventory. Methodology. National cadastral systems play a special role in land management, and cadastral information is the basis for taxation and investment for the rational use and protection of land. The latest multifunctional cadastres form a comprehensive land information system of real estate, which includes the inclusion in its structure of basic registers (land register, register of rights and register of capital construction objects) and general registers containing information about objects, types of lands, natural and qualitative characteristics of lands, and other data that are the basis for economic and territorial planning and land management [Perovych L., 2003]. Results. The main direction of development of national cadastral systems is the collection of data and generalization of information on the state, quantitative and qualitative indicators of land resources, but these stages of the study are not the ultimate goal of creating cadastral systems. Emphasis should be placed on the convenience and feasibility of using such information. To increase the efficiency of national land cadastral systems, it is necessary to expand the cadastral system with information on land resources that for some reason were left without an owner, or have errors in design; plots that have an owner, but are not used in economic activities. Such information will ensure the formation of a multilevel structure of the land market and increase the efficiency of state regulation. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The importance of development of modern national cadastral systems is proved, which will further increase their potential in order to solve critical state tasks, namely: emergency management, economic processes, effective management in the field of public utilities and many other public administration functions. The proposed approach allows to properly understand and assess the legal situation on the ground, to improve the trends of intensification of land use and technologies for defining the boundaries of real estate. The introduction of the latest technologies will reduce the time of spatial planning and real estate development.
Губар Ю., Хавар Ю., Гулько О. Категоріальні положення інформативно-інноваційних форм процесу використання природних ресурсів У сфері використовування природних і земельних ресурсів пріоритетним вважають та є розвиток соціально відповідального так званого партнерства, основною й першочерговою метою якого є зменшення певних негативних проявів та явищ ринкового механізму регулювання за участі бізнесу у розробці й реалізації державної соціально-економічної та екологічної політики, спрямованої на забезпечення курсу сталого розвитку країни. Сучасним основним інструментарієм державного впливу на хід та процеси у раціональному природокористуванні в регіонах є програмний та цільовий методи управління. Для балансування у розвитку певних еколого-економічних явищ та процесів доцільне впровадження інноваційних чинників і механізмів, розроблення адаптованих і гнучкіших до сучасних норм та умов важелів та інструментів стимулювання. Неабиякого значення при цьому набуває ефективна реалізація прав власності на природні земельні ресурси. Важливою причиною негативних екологічних тенденцій є недооцінювання у реальній економічній вартості природних ресурсів та послуг, що призводить до їхнього надмірного споживання та забруднення середовища. При цьому екологозбалансований варіант на практиці та в економічній віддачі може програвати традиційним рішенням. Тому, враховуючи нагальну необхідність активізації економічного стимулювання в раціональному водокористуванні в Україні, підвищенні ресурсної ефективності у виробництві, екологічній стабілізації у певному контексті, для забезпечення сталого якісного розвитку запропоновано задіяння еколого-економічного методу в управлінні раціональним природокористуванням, який ґрунтується на економічній та екологічній зацікавленості усіх суб'єктів землевідносин. Ключові слова: земля, земельні ресурси, раціональне природокористування, ресурсоощадні технології. Hubar Yu., Khavar Yu., Hulko O. Categorical fundamentals of the informative and innovative forms of the process of natural resources useIn the field of natural and land resources use, the priority direction expects establishing socially responsible partnership with its primary and urgent goal to cease negative manifestations and phenomena of the market regulation mechanism on the basis of business participation in development and implementation of the state social-economic and ecological policy, which is focused on the future support for the country's sustainable development. The principal modern instruments of the state impact on the course and processes of rational environmental management in the regions include use of the software-based and target methods of ЕКОНОМІКА ПРИРОДОКОРИСТУВАННЯ
Aim. Establishing protective riparian zonesalong the riversides of the Shopurka river inside water protection zones at the territory of urban settlement Velykyy Bytchkiv for protecting surface water bodies from polluting and littering, as well as for saving their water content. The aim of the research is determining the safe protective riparian zonesof water bodies taking into account ecological factors. Methods. The research methodology consists in using the algorithm of determining the width of the protective riparian zone, which enables providing the sciencebaseddetermination of the width of the protective riparian zone of the water body depending on the types of sylva, granulometric composition of soils, slope expositionand type of soil treatment. Results. The proposed method of determining the optimal width of protective riparian allows justifying the topicality and necessity of its application. For the given river, the width of protective riparian has been determined according to the requirements of Water code of Ukraine and calculated in accordance with formula (1). It will allow the elimination of ambiguity of the determining the width of the protective riparian by the calculations made by the representatives of local water economy with the use of Water code of Ukraine and will facilitate the univocal determining the areas of protective riparian zones. Scientific topicality. Realization of the method of determining the width of the protective riparian according to the proposed algorithm and actual legal documents has shown that the aberration of the protective riparian along the river Shopurka is equal to 20 m. The area of the protective riparian according to the Water code equals 1.82 ha, but according to formula (1) is equal to 3.29 ha. Therefore, the total area of the protective riparian zone should be expandedby 1.47 ha. Practical importance. Determined area and boundaries of the protective riparian zones along the river Shopurka (Zakarpatsky region) will enable the systematic monitoring of the use of riparian soils to be conducted and facilitate the improvement of ecological and sanitary state of the river.
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