The article aims to study the use of normal and convergent stereo-photographic techniques to determine physical condition of a building, to compare errors obtained using a digital non-specialized camera, and use these methods in the inventory and certification of real estate. Monitoring architectural monuments is currently one of the most urgent problems. The development of large cities in which architectural monuments are under threat of destruction requires modern and effective technology for monitoring which is possible using low-cost photogrammetry methods: digital images and cheap software. The development of digital cameras into terrestrial photogrammetry resulted in fundamentally new methods and photogrammetric technologies. In case of monitoring objects of small sizes, such as architectural monuments, the cost of shooting equipment is one of the most significant factors, which reduces the cost of work, therefore, in the vast majority of cases, only digital non-metric cameras are used for shooting. The most significant problem is the calibration of digital non-metric cameras. Currently, a huge number of options for calibrating digital cameras have been developed. These options differ in calibration method, type of test object, type of mathematical model for accounting for distortion (algebraic, physical or hybrid model) The present study how that accuracy of the convergent method is almost 2 times higher than that of the normal photogrammetric survey method and provides a large survey overlap area. Comparing all the indicators and characteristics of these methods, we concluded the feasibility, high profitability, and low complexity of the convergent method of stereo photography to perform inventory and certification of real estate. We found that when surveying building using convergent method it is necessary to use 2 times fewer stations than when surveying by normal method. Thus, the convergent method is 2 times faster and more efficiently.
Purpose. To investigate the features of the algorithm implementation for finding the derivatives of the spatial distribution function of the planet's masses with the use of high-order Stokes constants and, on the basis of this, to find its analytical expression. According to the given methodology, to carry out calculations with the help of which to carry on the study of dynamic phenomena occurring inside an ellipsoidal planet. The proposed method involves the determination of the derivatives of the mass distribution function by the sum, the coefficients of which are obtained from the system of equations, which is incorrect. In order to solve it, an error-resistant method for calculating unknowns was used. The implementation of the construction is carried out in an iterative way, while for the initial approximation we take the three-dimensional function of the density of the Earth's masses, built according to Stokes constants up to the second order inclusive, by dynamic compression by the one-dimensional density distribution, and we determine the expansion coefficients of the derivatives of the function in the variables to the third order inclusive. They are followed by the corresponding density function, which is then taken as the initial one. The process is repeated until the specified order of approximation is reached. To obtain a stable result, we use the Cesaro summation method (method of means).. The calculations performed with the help of programs that implement the given algorithm, while the achieved high (ninth) order of obtaining the terms of the sum of calculations. The studies of the convergence of the sum of the series have been carried out, and on this basis, a conclusion has been made about the advisability of using the generalized finding of the sums based on the Cesaro method. The optimal number of contents of the sum terms has been chosen, provides convergence both for the mass distribution function and for its derivatives. Calculations of the deviations of mass distribution from the mean value ("inhomogeneities") for extreme points of the earth's geoid, which basically show the total compensation along the radius of the Earth, have been performed. For such three-dimensional distributions, calculations were performed and schematic maps were constructed according to the taken into account values of deviations of three-dimensional distributions of the mean ("inhomogeneities") at different depths reflecting the general structure of the Earth's internal structure. The presented vector diagrams of the horizontal components of the density gradient at characteristic depths (2891 km - core-mantle, 700 km - middle of the mantle, also the upper mantle - 200, 100 km) allow us to draw preliminary conclusions about the global movement of masses. At the same time, a closed loop is observed on the “core-mantle” edge, which is an analogy of a closed electric circuit. For shallower depths, differentiation of vector motions is already taking place, which gives hope for attracting these vector-grams to the study of dynamic motions inside the Earth. In fact, the vertical component (derivative with respect to the z variable) is directed towards the center of mass and confirms the main property of mass distributions - growth when approaching the center of mass. The method of stable solution of incorrect linear systems is applied, by means of which the vector-gram of the gradient of the mass distribution function is constructed. The nature of such schemes provides a tool for possible causes of mass redistribution in the middle of the planet and to identify possible factors of tectonic processes in the middle of the Earth, i.e indirectly confirms the gravitational convection of masses. The proposed technique can be used to create detailed models of density functions and its characteristics (derivatives) of the planet's interior, and the results of numerical experiments - to solve tectonics problems.
Purpose. The study of the effect of errors in the position of landmarks obtained using unmanned aerial vehicles, on the value of real estate. Aerospace for several decades is an effective tool for conducting geodetic works, geophysical studies and conducting various types of monitoring, but such methods are not used to assess the real estate. Modern technologies for the creation of topographical and cadastral plans are based precisely on the use of digital aerosol materials. However, the cost of using airplanes and helicopters for local large-scale take-off is on an order of magnitude higher and therefore an alternative solution is the use of UAVs. Methodology. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are most often used as a cheap alternative to conventional airplanes from airplanes, helicopters, telescopes and satellite (satellite) takeoffs. In addition to significant cost-effectiveness (cheaper by ten times), UAVs have additional privileges, namely: low altitude, point-and-shoot, mobility, environmental cleanliness of flights. Land management works are mostly carried out unsystematically and without reliable control, and therefore the application of usual geodetic methods and measurement results does not allow obtaining the required precision of the coordinates of the points, boundaries and the film basis. All this leads to the problems of combining the boundaries of adjoining areas due to the use of poor-quality cadastral information in databases that were formed over a significant period of time by the regional centers of the SLC. Results. The use of UAVs proves the importance of them to perform valuation works, which will increase the accuracy of the determination of the coordinates of the boundaries of real estate and significantly accelerate the evaluation procedure. It is established that for large settlements, the accuracy of the determination of the coordinates should be significantly increased, since the cost of real estate in these settlements is quite large and, accordingly, the errors in determining the coordinates of real estate objects lead to errors in the cost of real estate objects of the settlement, which is legally unacceptable and therefore For very large cities it is expedient to create shots at low altitudes and gradually increase the accuracy of photographing the terrain. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The importance of using UAVs for assessing the value of real estate objects has been proved, as the resulting calculations result in average square errors in the value of 1 sq. M of real estate, amounting to less than 0.3% of its total value. The practical significance of the use of UAVs lies in the existence of additional advantages over traditional shooting methods, namely the possibility of obtaining a super-distinction (one and ten centimeters) in the terrain; the detailed removal of small objects and small areas where it is completely unprofitable or technically impossible to do in other ways, for example, in urban development.
The aims of our paper are to study the territory organization of the forest fund lands of the Skhidnytsya village council (Lviv region), performing their forest management with the development of a system of activities aimed at ensuring scientifically based multifunctional forestry management, protection and rational sustainable use. The possibility of performing cadastral works for the territorial organization of forestry lands using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is important for science and practice. The paper considers the main direction of sustainable development of forest areas with a recreational function, aimed at strengthening ecological, social and economic functions and protection of these forests, their rational use. Based on the division of forests into categories, their functional significance, the regime of forestry and forest use for the next revision period, the following economic units were formed: health and recreational forests with a special regime of use in the mountains. The distribution of the total area of health and recreational forests by functional zones, types of landscape, classes of aesthetic assessment, pedestrian accessibility, recreational assessment, resistance to recreational loads, stages of recreational digression, additional assessment is presented. The results obtained prove the practical significance of the use of UAVs for performing work on the organization of the territory (certain category of land), and the resulting cartographic materials fully comply with the instructive accuracy. The developed provisions of this study correspond to the basic principles of sustainable forest management, provide for a combination of economic, environmental and social aspects of forestry activities.
The article considers a comprehensive study of the problem of land relations development in the region. It identifies the main directions for their further development, which include improving the legislative framework, economic and monetary valuation of land, leasing land relations and ensuring the formation of a market for agricultural land and ecologically safe land use. The article aims to determine the interrelated components of the organizational and economic mechanism for managing land resources of agricultural enterprises in the context of ensuring land-use efficiency based on the choice of a land-use optimization model. The theoretical and methodological bases for the development of land relations in the conditions of market economy formation are generalized. The directions for improving the ecological status of agricultural land are justified. The state regulation of land relations is analyzed, and ways to improve land legislation are proposed. The directions of the formation and development of the agricultural land market are justified. The ways to improve the ecological condition of the land, taking into account the regional characteristics of the Vinnytsia region, are proposed. To determine the relationship of rational use and reproduction of resources, considering the problems of choosing the optimal strategy for the impact of the economy on the ecologization of land resources, the system of rational use and reproduction of natural resources is developed. The optimization model describing the conditions for the process of stimulating landowners and land users in the direction of protection and rational land use is established.
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