Prunus mume (mei), which was domesticated in China more than 3,000 years ago as ornamental plant and fruit, is one of the first genomes among Prunus subfamilies of Rosaceae been sequenced. Here, we assemble a 280M genome by combining 101-fold next-generation sequencing and optical mapping data. We further anchor 83.9% of scaffolds to eight chromosomes with genetic map constructed by restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing. Combining P. mume genome with available data, we succeed in reconstructing nine ancestral chromosomes of Rosaceae family, as well as depicting chromosome fusion, fission and duplication history in three major subfamilies. We sequence the transcriptome of various tissues and perform genome-wide analysis to reveal the characteristics of P. mume, including its regulation of early blooming in endodormancy, immune response against bacterial infection and biosynthesis of flower scent. The P. mume genome sequence adds to our understanding of Rosaceae evolution and provides important data for improvement of fruit trees.
We present new evidence on debt covenant violation (DCV) consequences that have not previously been examined in the literature. In particular, we show that a DCV triggers significant information asymmetry and uncertainty on the part of shareholders and auditors as reflected in higher bid-ask spreads, return volatility, and audit fees. Further, these consequences occur even when lender-imposed costs are relatively lower, consistent with the act of default itself triggering shareholder and auditor uncertainty. The results highlight costs to the firm of having bright-line rules in contracts, and add to an understanding of the consequences of DCVs.
Nouvelles donn ees attestant les cons equences de la transgression des clauses restrictives
R ESUM ELes auteurs pr esentent de nouvelles donn ees qui attestent les cons equences de la transgression des clauses restrictives des contrats de prêt et qui n'ont pas retenu l'attention des chercheurs jusqu' a maintenant. Ils montrent en particulier que la transgression des clauses restrictives se solde par des niveaux elev es d'asym etrie de l'information et d'incertitude des actionnaires et des auditeurs, ainsi qu'en t emoignent les valeurs sup erieures des ecarts acheteur-vendeur, de la volatilit e des rendements et des honoraires d'audit. En outre, ces cons equences se manifestent même lorsque les coûts exig es par le prêteur sont relativement plus faibles, de la même fac ßon que le d efaut de paiement lui-même d eclenche l'incertitude chez les actionnaires et les auditeurs. Les r esultats mettent en lumi ere les coûts que suppose pour une entreprise la stipulation de r egles claires dans les contrats, et ils permettent de mieux comprendre les cons equences de la transgression des clauses restrictives.
BackgroundChrysanthemum morifolium is one of the most important global cut flower and pot plants, and has been cultivated worldwide. However, limited genomic resources are available and the molecular mechanisms involved in the two morphologically distinct floret developmental cycles in chrysanthemum remain unclear.ResultsThe transcriptomes of chrysanthemum ray florets, disc florets and leaves were sequenced using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. In total, 16.9 G reads were assembled into 93,138 unigenes with an average length of 738 bp, of which 44,364 unigenes showed similarity to known proteins in the Swissprot or NCBI non-redundant protein databases. Additionally, 26,320, 22,304 and 13,949 unigenes were assigned to 54 gene ontology (GO) categories, 25 EuKaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG) categories, and 280 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, respectively.A total of 1863 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (1210 up-regulated and 653 down-regulated) were identified between ray florets and disc florets, including genes encoding transcription factors and protein kinases. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed on the DEGs to identify differences in the biological processes and pathways between ray florets and disc florets. The important regulatory genes controlling flower development and flower organ determination, as well as important functional genes in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, were identified, of which two leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase-encoding genes showed specific expression in ray florets. Lastly, reverse transcription quantitative PCR was conducted to validate the DEGs identified in our study.ConclusionsComparative transcriptome analysis revealed significant differences in patterns of gene expression and signaling pathways between ray florets and disc florets in Chrysanthemum morifolium. This study provided the first step to understanding the molecular mechanism of the differential development of ray florets and disc florets in chrysanthemum, and also provided valuable genomic resources for candidate genes applicable for the breeding of novel varieties in chrysanthemum.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2733-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to facilitate understanding of how to convert free players to paid consumers in free-to-play games.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on the consumption value framework and affordance theory, the present study argues that in-game purchase behaviors are determined by multiple consumption values of in-game items. The perceptions of consumption values were influenced by game affordances. The model was tested, using data from an empirical survey with 2,006 free-to-play game players.FindingsMonetary, enjoyment and social values of in-game items positively predict purchase behaviors in free-to-play games. Game fairness and balance of challenges and skills significantly influence perceived enjoyment value.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of this study provide operable implications to facilitate in-game consumption. The model was tested within the context of free-to-play multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) games; however, caution is advisable when generalizing the findings to other subgenre of games.Originality/valueThis study extended and thus validated the consumption value framework in the context of free-to-play MOBA games. This study explored the antecedents of consumption values from the perspective of game affordance.
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