Three pulmonary surthctant preparations: from human amniotic fluid, from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and from cattle lung tissue homogenate were tested in preclinical studies. The preparations are nontoxic, possess no mutagenic, teratogenic, and allergic activities and do not modify visceral morphology after repeated injections. After a single intratracheal administration the drugs normalize arterial blood oxygenation in 15-30 rain and arrest the respiratory distress syndrome in dogs, which is confirmed roentgenologically and clinically. Key Words: respiratory distress syndrome; surfactant; pharmacological properties; therapeutic activityThe respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is one of the major causes of neonatal and adult mortality [3,5]. About 30,000 babies with RDS are annually born in Rnssia; in the USA 150,000 RDS cases are recorded annually in adults. In RDS 15-30% newborns and 50-70% adults die [3,5,7]. In preterm newborns RDS is caused by immaturity of type 2 alveolocytes and the resultant primary deficiency of puhnonary surthctant (PS) [2]. In RDS of adults, PS deficiency is secondary, developing as a result of structural and functional disorders in the airblood barrier. It often develops after multiple injury, sepsis, shock lung, radiation injury, etc. Natural and synthetic PS preparations have been widely used all over the world: smwana (USA), surfactant-TA (Japan), curosurf (Italy), alveofact (Germany), exosurf (UK) [8].We developed a technologically inexpensive method for preparing natural PS and chalacterized their physicochemical properties. Three preparations were studied: human PS isolated from parturients' amniotic fluid, PS from bronchoalveolar iavage fluid (PS-BLF), and PS prepared by water-salt extraction of finely dispersed cattle lung (PS-WSE).The pharmacological and therapeutic properties of these PS preparations are studied.

In recent years, the application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been recognized as a promising method for treatment of different diseases associated with inflammation and sclerosis, which include nephrotuberculosis. The aim of our study is to investigate the effectiveness of MSCs in the complex therapy of experimental rabbit kidney tuberculosis and to evaluate the effect of cell therapy on the reparative processes. Methods: To simulate kidney tuberculosis, a suspension of the standard strain Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (106 CFU) was used, which was injected into the cortical layer of the lower pole parenchyma of the left kidney under ultrasound control in rabbits. Anti-tuberculosis therapy (aTBT) was started on the 18th day after infection. MSCs (5 × 107 cells) were transplanted intravenously after the start of aTBT. Results: 2.5 months after infection, all animals showed renal failure. Conducted aTBT significantly reduced the level of albumin, ceruloplasmin, elastase and the severity of disorders in the proteinase/inhibitor system and increased the productive nature of inflammation. A month after MSC transplantation, the level of inflammatory reaction activity proteins decreased, the area of specific and destructive inflammation in kidneys decreased and the formation of mature connective tissue was noted, which indicates the reparative reaction activation.

1 ФГАОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский университет), Москва, Россия 2 ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт морфологии человека», Москва, Россия 3 ФГБОУ ВО Тюменский государственный медицинский университет Минздрава России, Тюмень, Россия Обзор литературы посвящен химическому составу, структуре, функции и значению в патологии телец Мэллори. Рассматриваются механизмы образования и разновидности гиалина в тельцах Мэллори, а также методики его выявления. Тельца Мэллори (алкогольный гиалин) относят к одному из морфологических маркеров злоупотребления этанолом. Тем не менее они выявляются и при некоторых других заболеваниях. Образования, похожие на тельца Мэллори, получены в ряде экспериментов. Детальные исследования телец Мэллори показывают, что гиалин в них при разных заболеваниях и при различных воздействиях имеет неодинаковую структуру. В работе рассматриваются химический состав телец Мэллори, механизмы образования и разновидности гиалина в них, а также методики его выявления при определенных болезнях и в экспериментальных моделях. Вместе с тем до настоящего времени нет единого взгляда на значение алкогольного гиалина в патои морфогенезе алкогольной болезни и других заболеваний. В обзоре литературы раскрывается понятие алкогольной болезни, имеющей стадийное течение, показаны особенности алкогольного гиалина, появляющегося в печени в стадиях пьянства и алкоголизма. Из анализа данных литературы следует, что алкогольный гиалин является аутоантигеном. В связи с этим авторы предполагают, что в ответ на его появление в органах, прежде всего в печени, развивается аутоиммунная воспалительная реакция, не поддающаяся излечению, что является одной из причин неэффективности терапии болезней, при которых наблюдаются тельца Мэллори. С этих позиций рассматривается значение телец Мэллори в патогенезе алкогольной болезни и объясняется бесперспективность лечения алкоголизма, для которого характерно наличие алкогольного гиалина. Ключевые слова: тельца Мэллори, алкогольный гиалин, морфология, алкогольная болезнь. Для корреспонденции: Юрий Александрович Кириллов.

1 ФГБНУ Научно-исследовательский институт морфологии человека, Москва, Россия 2 ФГБОУ ВО Тюменский государственный медицинский университет Минздрава России, Тюмень, Россия 3 ФГБУ Российский научный центр радиологии и хирургических технологий имени академика А.М. Гранова Минздрава России, Москва, Россия 4 ГБУЗ Городская клиническая больница № 40 Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы, Москва, РоссияВведение. Ателектазы легких, возникающие при лучевом воздействии на органы грудной клетки, нередко сопровождаются развитием лучевых альвеолитов, фиброзов и дыхательной недостаточности. Показано существенное нарушение структуры альвеолоцитов при различных видах альвеолитов, однако влияние лучевого воздействия на сосудистый компартмент легочной ткани, бронхиолы и альвеолоциты, а также межклеточные структуры в процессе формирования ателектазов не подвергалось детальным исследованиям. Недостаточно изучено значение количественных и качественных изменений легочного сурфактанта (ЛС) при развитии ателектазов. Цель исследования -изучить морфогенез ателектазов при экспериментальной патологии легких, вызванной радиоиндуцированным воздействием. Материалы и методы. Исследование проведено на 60 самцах крыс породы Вистар в возрасте 8-9 недель, массой тела 200-220 граммов. Однократное локальное облучение животных, находившихся под нембуталовым наркозом (40 мг/кг веса), осуществляли аппаратом РУМ -17 (напряжение 200 кВ, сила тока 15 мА, фильтры 0,5 мм Cu+ 1,0 мм Al, кожно-фокусное расстояние 25 см.) в дозе 12 Гр. Количественное определение фосфолипидов (ФЛ) легочного сурфактанта определяли в лаважной жидкости, извлеченной из легкого крысы. Материал исследовали гистологически (окраска гематоксилином и эозином, альциановым синим, пикрофуксином по Ван Гизону) и электронномикроскопически. Морфометрически на контрольных образцах и на разных сроках после воздействия ионизирующего излучения высчитывали толщину эпителиальной выстилки бронхиол, средний диаметр ядер эпителиоцитов бронхиол, толщину межальвеолярных перегородок. Результаты. Ателектазы, возникающие в ранние сроки эксперимента, являются сурфактантзависимыми, что подтверждается снижением количества ЛС и ФЛ в лаважной жидкости. Формирование ателектазов в поздние сроки обусловлено реализацией обтурационного механизма, сужением просвета бронхов и бронхиол за счет утолщения эпителиальной выстилки и выраженной бронхо-бронхиолоконстрикции. Заключение. Понимание механизмов развития ателектазов необходимо для реализации комплекса мероприятий по их профилактике и снижению числа осложнений. Ключевые слова: ателектаз, дистелектаз, морфометрия, лучевой фиброз, лучевой альвеолит Для корреспонденции: Юрий Александрович Кириллов.

BACKGROUND: Biological systems of all levels of organization are characterized by the rhythm of functioning processes, which are one of the fundamental properties of living matter. The complex of circadian rhythms of mammals, being genetically determined, is quite plastically modulated by the action of periodic factors of the external and internal environment. Significant factors in the disorganization of biorhythms in the modern world include a violation of the light-dark regime, so-called light pollution. Alcohol abuse remains one of the most important medical and social problems of modern society. One of the important effects of alcohol is its destructive effect on the circadian rhythms of many physiological processes. AIM: The aim of the research was to study the influence of constant lighting, chronic alcohol intoxication and joint effect of these factors on the diurnal dynamics of several biochemical parameters in Wistar rats of both sexes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 200 and 160 female outbred Wistar rats at the age of 6 months, weighing 350 15 g. Rats were divided into 8 groups. 1st group (control ♂) is kept at fixed light regime (light/dark 10:14 hours with lights on at 8:00 and off at 18:00). 2nd group, males (n = 50) is kept under the same conditions as the control, but receives a 15 % aqueous solution of ethanol ad libitum as a drink instead of water, i.e. is subjected to chronic alcohol intoxication. Group 3, males (n = 50) are kept under constant light. The 4th group, males (n = 50) are also kept under constant illumination and receive 15 % aqueous ethanol solution ad libitum as a drink. Group 5 (control ♀) females (n = 40), are kept at a fixed light regime (light/dark 10:14 am with lights on at 8:00 and off at 18:00). The 6th group, females (n = 40) are kept under the same conditions as the control, but receive 15 % aqueous ethanol solution ad libitum instead of water as a drink, i.e. subjected to chronic alcohol intoxication. Group 7, females (n = 40) are kept under constant light. The 8th group, females (n = 40) are also kept under constant light and receive 15 % aqueous ethanol solution ad libitum as a drink. In the blood samples taken at 9:00, 15:00, 21:00 and 3:00 hours the content of AST, ALT, glucose, total protein, albumin, total and direct bilirubin was measured. The reliability of circadian rhythmicity of studied parameters was assessed with use of cosinor analysis. RESULTS: It is established that the chronic alcohol intoxication, constant illumination and joint action of this factors lead to similar changes in biochemical parameters in rats of both sexes, but in female rats the level of AST, total and direct bilirubin changes as a result of three weeks of intoxication, which is not observed in males. In turn, both individual and joint effects of chronic alcohol intoxication and dark deprivation lead to significant changes in rhythmostasis in rats, however, circadian rhythms of total protein, as well as both types of bilirubin, are more resistant to dark deprivation in females than in males. CONCLUSIONS: The conducted study testifies that a three-week chronic alcohol intoxication causes more significant changes in the biochemical profile in female rats compared to males. At the same time, the studied circadian rhythms of the biochemical parameters of the organism of females turn out to be more resistant to dark deprivation than those of males, being destroyed only under the combined action of chronic alcohol intoxication and constant illumination.

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Introduction. Melanoma is one of the most malignant human tumors, originating from melanin-forming tissue. Currently, among the risk factors for the development of malignant neoplasms, including melanoma, light pollution is considered – exposure to light at night. In turn, the violation of circadian rhythm under conditions of light pollution often leads to the occurrence of desynchronosis, which is the cause of the development of a number of diseases, including malignant neoplasms. As a rule, light pollution is accompanied by a decrease in the production of epiphyseal melatonin, which has oncostatic, antitumor and antioxidant effects.The objective of study was to study the morphological features of transplanted B16 melanoma, to establish the micromorphometric indicators of tumor cells and circadian rhythms of some of them for further use as control indicators in the study of the effect of various light regimes and experimental therapy on the morphofunctional state of the body of animals with transplanted melanoma.Methods and materials. The study was conducted on male hybrid mice of the BDF1 line. The animals were divided into 2 equal groups of 25 individuals. The first group served as an intact control, the mice of the second group were transplanted with B16/F10 melanoma. On the 15th day after tumor inoculation, the animals were withdrawn from the experiment at 9.00, 15.00, 21.00 and 3. The mass and volume of the tumor were determined, microscopic, including micromorphometric studies of tumors were performed. Glucose levels were determined in blood plasma. The daily dynamics of the studied parameters was assessed, and for the statistical calculation of the amplitude and acrophase of circadian rhythms, a cosinor analysis was performed.Results. The study of the circadian rhythm of glucose made it possible to reveal its difference in animals with melanoma from that in the control. Changes in the daily rhythmicity of this metabolite, which comprehensively reflects the synchronization of many rhythms with each other, allows us to state a significant change in circadian rhythmostasis in animals with melanoma. As a result of the study, we have established micromorphometric indicators characteristic of B16 melanoma on the 14th day after transplantation. The circadian rhythm of the area of the nucleus and cells, the mitotic index and the absence of a clock for the NCR were established. The difference between the phase-amplitude features of the CR of the area of the nucleus of melanocyte cells from the normal ones was found.Conclusion. The obtained data indicate a change in rhythmostasis in mice with experimental B16 melanoma. The features of the organization of the rhythmicity of the tumor itself can be used in its targeted experimental therapy, taking into account chronobiological features. The results of the study can be used for further studies of the effect of various lighting modes on the morphofunctional state of the animal organism in the pathology under study.