Tirés à part : M. OuedraogoRésumé Cette étude analyse les perceptions paysannes des changements des précipitations au Burkina et les stratégies d'adaptation mises en oeuvre par les paysans. À partir d'enquêtes auprès de 1 530 exploitations agricoles, cette recherche montre que les paysans perçoivent clairement les changements des précipitations au Burkina Faso. Ces changements se traduisent par une diminution et une irrégularité croissante des pluies, un dérèglement de la saison hivernale, une plus grande fréquence de poches de sécheresse, etc. En réponse à ces changements, les paysans ont adopté des stratégies d'adaptation dont les plus répandues sont : l'adaptation variétale, l'utilisation des techniques de conservation des eaux et des sols, l'utilisation de la fumure organique, la modification des dates de semis. Ces réponses varient selon les zones agroclimatiques du pays. Les principaux déterminants de l'adoption des stratégies adaptatives sont les variables de perception. L'adaptation est limitée par des contraintes matérielles, financières et techniques et d'accès à l'information.Mots clés : Burkina Faso, changement climatique, pluviométrie, stratégie de lutte, technique culturale. Abstract Farmer perceptions and adaptation options to rainfall change: Evidence from Burkina FasoThis research analyzes farmers' perceptions of rainfall change in Burkina Faso and adaptation options implemented by farmers to confront such changes. On the basis of household surveys on 1,530 farms, the research shows that farmers have a good perception of change in precipitation. These changes in precipitation are translated by a decrease of rainfall, disturbance of the rainy season, irregular rainfall which is becoming more and more critical and a frequency of drought pockets during the rainy season, etc. The survey reveals that farmers adopt many strategies in response to change in precipitation. The widespread adaptation options are: use of new varieties, use of water and soil management techniques, use of organic fertilizer, and modification of the dates of sowing. These responses vary according to the vulnerability of the agro-climatic zones. The main factors determining adoption of strategies remain the perception variables. The adaptation to climate change is limited by material, financial and technical constraints as well as by the problems of access to information.
A methodology for assessing irrigation system performance was developed by the then International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI, now IWMI) in the 1990s in Burkina Faso. It was applied successfully to small-scale reservoir-based irrigation schemes (50-150 ha). The current study was carried out on two larger river-diversion irrigation systems in the south-west of the country, namely Vallée du Kou (1200 ha) and Karfiguéla (350 ha), in order to analyse and verify:• the applicability of the methodology to large-scale river-diversion schemes with more complex hydraulic networks and greater economic activities;• the relevance of the performance indicators used and the constraints pertaining to the acquisition of the basic data required for their determination;• the scope for adoption and application of the methodology by farmers' organizations for routine performance monitoring.The methodology seems well suited for large-scale irrigation systems, but its adoption by farmers' organizations has to be facilitated and accompanied by adequate training and the close involvement of the system managers. The indicators requiring the manipulation of a few physical elements can be determined relatively easily. Those involving water measurements are more difficult to calculate. The study makes a critical analysis of some indicators and demonstrates the evidence of the necessity to select among the indicators with regard to the irrigation system context.Ceux basés sur les quantités d'eau sont difficiles à obtenir. L'étude fait une analyse critique de certains indicateurs et met en évidence la nécessité d'adapter le choix des indicateurs au contexte du système irrigué.• the value of the production was calculated by multiplying the average paddy price per kilogram by the total block production; 308 Y. DEMBELE ET AL.
This study focuses on the potential role of technical and institutional innovations for improving water management in a multi-user context in Burkina Faso. We focus on a system centered on three reservoirs that capture the waters of the Upper Comoé River Basin and servicing a diversity of users, including a sugar manufacturing company, a urban water supply utility, a farmer cooperative, and other downstream users. Due to variable and declining rainfall and expanding users' needs, drastic fluctuations in water supply and demand occur during each dry season. A decision support tool was developed through participatory research to enable users to assess the impact of alternative release and diversion schedules on deficits faced by each user. The tool is meant to be applied in the context of consultative planning by a local user committee that has been created by a new national integrated water management policy. We contend that both solid science and good governance are instrumental in realizing efficient and equitable water management and adaptation to climate variability and change. But, while modeling tools and negotiation platforms may assist users in managing climate risk, they also introduce additional uncertainties into the deliberative process. It is therefore imperative to understand how these technological and institutional innovations frame water use issues and decisions to ensure that such framing is consistent with the goals of integrated water resource management.
Diversité des pratiques et des performances L a production agricole des pays sahéliens ouest-africains est non seulement très variable d'une année à l'autre, mais aussi souvent insuffisante pour couvrir les besoins alimentaires de leurs populations. Les importations de blé, riz, huile, lait et sucre sont massives (un million de tonnes de céréales sont importées chaque année par l'Afrique Résumé En Afrique de l'Ouest sahélienne, l'irrigation des terres recouvre une grande diversité de systèmes techniques et de pratiques sociales. Nous donnons ici un aperçu des options techniques existantes (décrue, bas-fond aménagé, submersion libre ou contrôlée, contrôle total de l'eau, avec ou sans pompage, sur de grands et de petits périmètres) selon une typologie développée par des experts de cinq pays sahéliens. Les performances de ces différents systèmes sont très diverses et en constante évolution. Actuellement les décideurs relancent la grande irrigation en recourant aux investisseurs privés, nationaux ou étrangers. Ils relancent aussi la petite irrigation privée, considérée plus dynamique que les périmètres villageois. Partout, la raréfaction des ressources en eau et la compétition croissante entre usagers imposent au secteur agricole de mieux valoriser l'eau d'irrigation. Néanmoins cette contrainte sociale et politique sur l'utilisation de l'eau est encore peu prise en compte par les États qui effectuent des attributions foncières de grande envergure. Leur objectif prioritaire est en effet d'assurer à tout prix la sécurité alimentaire de leur population, de plus en plus urbaine.Mots clés : gestion des eaux ; méthode d'irrigation ; Sahel.Thèmes : eau ; économie et développement rural ; territoire, foncier, politique agricole et alimentaire. AbstractIrrigation in West-African Sahel. Diversity of practices and levels of performance Irrigation in Sahelian West African countries covers a wide variety of systems and practices. In this paper, we discuss various technical and managerial options including free or controlled submersion, improved inland valleys, flood recession cropping, and full control in small and large irrigation schemes through a classification developed by national experts in five Sahelian countries. Governments are currently promoting two strategies. One is based on large schemes, with foreign or national private investment. The other is based on small private irrigation approches. Water constraints are not very strongly taken into account, as the priority is to develop new schemes in order to reach food security for fast growing cities.
RÉ SUMÉLes performances de trois petits périmètres irrigués des régions Centre et Centre-Est du Burkina Faso ont été analysées au niveau de la parcelle en utilisant deux indicateurs de performance:1. L'approvisionnement relatif en eau ou relative water supply (RWS) pour évaluer l'adéquation entre l'offre ''irrigation et pluie'' et les besoins en eau de la culture; 2. La productivité de l'eau (P e ) pour évaluer l'efficience d'utilisation de l'eau. KEY WORDS: indicateur de performance; périmètre irrigué; riz; besoins en eau; efficience de l'eau; équité de la distribution;Burkina Faso ABSTRACTThe performance of three small irrigation systems located in the central and the centre eastern regions of Burkina Faso has been analysed at the field level, using two performance indicators:1. Relative water supply (RWS) to assess the adequacy of ''irrigation supply and effective rainfall'' and the crop water requirement; 2. Water productivity (P e ) to assess water use efficiency.The results show that the average value of RWS of wet-season rice fields is very high (1.3) at Gorgo, medium (1.04) at Mogtedo and very low (0.75) at Itenga. The average value of water productivity is high (0.88 kg m 310The relationship of RWS to water productivity shows that it would be possible to save irrigation water without decreasing rice yields significantly. However, no significant correlation has been found between the RWS values and the yield values.
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