Models of DNA replication in yeast andMuch progress has been made identifying proteins that assemble during early stages in replication prior to the start of DNA synthesis. These events are directed by origins of replication, which orchestrate formation of the pre-replication complex (pre-RC) 1 at origins during the G 1 phase of the cell cycle. They include origin binding by the origin recognition complex and subsequent recruitment of Cdc6 and Cdt1, followed by the loading of the Mcm2-7 complex (1, 2). Further progression is regulated by the cell cycle through the activation of two S phase promoting kinases, the S phase cyclin-dependent kinase and Cdc7/Dbf4 kinase. Activation of the pre-RC by these kinases promotes Cdc45 association with origins (3, 4), events that lead subsequently to DNA unwinding and the ordered assembly of the replication fork machinery.The DNA polymerase ␣-primase (pol ␣-primase) complex also plays an essential role in initiation by synthesizing short RNA primers required to begin both leading and lagging strand DNA synthesis. The four subunit structure of pol ␣-primase is conserved, and each subunit is essential for cell viability in yeast (5, 6). The largest subunit of pol ␣-primase (p180) contains the DNA polymerase catalytic center (7) and elongates RNA primers of 8 -12 nucleotides synthesized by primase. The catalytic center of primase is located within the p48 subunit (8), which exists as a tight complex with p58 (9, 10). The p58 subunit was shown to be required for distinct aspects of primer synthesis, including initiation and elongation (11). The fourth subunit of DNA pol ␣-primase, p70/␤, is suggested to recruit the complex onto chromatin as a result of its cell cycle-regulated phosphorylated state (12, 13). Polymerase ␣-primase subunits have been reported to interact with a number of replication proteins including Cdc45 (14), Dna2 (15), RPA (16,17), and viral initiator proteins (16,18,19), consistent with the idea that replication forks are large precisely assembled multiprotein complexes.Mcm10p has been implicated both in the initiation and elongation steps of DNA replication. MCM10 was first identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using screens for mutants defective in DNA replication and for the stable maintenance of plasmids (20,21). Initiation at replication origins is drastically reduced in the mcm10-1 mutant, and replication across origins is impeded (21,22). Mutations in MCM10 result in a delay in the completion of DNA synthesis after cells are released from HU arrest (23), suggesting that Mcm10p is essential for continued fork progression. MCM10 mutants are suppressed by mutant MCM5 and MCM7 genes and are synthetically lethal with mutant genes of ORC, CDC45, DNA2, DPB11, and genes encoding subunits of DNA polymerase ␦ and ⑀ (22-27). Seven new mutants named slm1-slm6 for synthetically lethal with mcm10 include mutations in genes that are allelic to MCM7, MCM2, CDC45, DNA2, and mutations in novel DNA repair genes represented by SLM2 and SLM6 (28). Biochemical and genetic int...

In this study, we investigated the effects of total ginseng saponin (TGS) on the cutaneous wound healing process using histological analysis. A total of 24 ICR mice, 5-weeks-old, were used for all in vivo experiments. Mice were divided into control and TGS-treated groups and four equidistant 1-cm full-thickness dorsal incisional wounds were created. The wounds were extracted at days 1, 3, 5, and 7 post-injury for histomorphometrical analysis including wound area and contracture measurements, keratinocyte migration rate, and calculation of infiltrating inflammatory cells. The results showed that the wound area was smaller and keratinocyte migration rate was higher in the TGS-treated group than that of the control group from days 3 to 7. Inflammatory cells in the TGS-treated group at days 1 and 3 were reduced compared to the control group. Wound contraction in the TGS-treated group was greater than in the control group on days 3 to 5, and collagen deposition in the TGS-treated group was higher than in the control group during wound healing. The results indicate a beneficial effect of TGS when used to treat skin wounds.

Our results suggest that insulin resistance may be associated with periodontitis, especially when combined with obesity, among post-menopausal women in Korea.

The morphological evolution of the Ag2O cubic crystal system was examined with the goal of controlling and fine-tuning the morphologies of the microcrystalline products. A variety of Ag2O microcrystalline shapes could be prepared through the reduction of a silver-pyridine complex in solution at room temperature. The concentrations NaOH and AgNO3 significantly affected the morphology of the Ag2O final product. The Ag2O morphology evolved from a simple truncated cube to an 8-pod with three arms along the ⟨111⟩ directions as the concentration of NaOH increased. The Ag2O morphology evolved from an edge-truncated cube to a rhombic dodecahedron as the total reactant concentrations increased, holding the AgNO3/pyridine/NaOH molar ratio constant. The morphological evolution from an 8-pod to a rhombic dodecahedron via an 8 × 3-pod, a 6 × 4-pod, a smoothed squared 6-pod, a concave rhombic dodecahedron, and a truncated rhombic dodecahedron was also observed. The crystal growth mechanism underlying the morphological evolution of Ag2O microcrystals is discussed.

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To elucidate the function of the odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein (ODAM) in ameloblasts, we identified more than 74 proteins that interact with ODAM using protoarray. Of the identified proteins, bone morphogenetic protein receptor type-IB (BMPR-IB) was physiologically relevant in differentiating ameloblasts. ODAM and BMPR-IB exhibited similar patterns of expression in vitro, during ameloblast differentiation. ODAM and BMPR-IB interacted through the C-terminus of ODAM, which resulted in increased ODAM phosphorylation in the presence of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2). Immunoprecipitation assays using Ser-Xaa-Glu (SXE) mutants of ODAM demonstrated that the phosphorylation of ODAM by BMPR-IB occurs at this motif, and this phosphorylation is required for the activation of MAPKs. ODAM phosphorylation was detected in ameloblasts during ameloblast differentiation and enamel mineralization in vitro and involved in the activation of downstream factors of MAPKs. Therefore, the BMP-2-BMPR-IB-ODAM-MAPK signaling cascade has important roles in ameloblast differentiation and enamel mineralization. Our data suggest that ODAM facilitates the progression of tooth development in cooperation with BMPR-IB through distinct domains of ODAM.

-This paper presents how to select tuning factor and quality factor in designing of a single-tuned passive harmonic filter. Tuning factor and quality factor must be considered before a decision of filter parameters(R, L and C). In literature, the study about these two factors has not been performed and only empirical values have been used in the passive harmonic filter design so far. As an empirical value, in cases of 5th and 7th filter, tuning order has been used 4.8 th and 6.8 th respectively and quality factor has been used in a range of 30 and 60; therefore, we will propose how to decide these two factors in this paper. If a single-tuned passive harmonic filter were offtuned, its performance would be deteriorated substantially and resulted in a parallel resonance between grid inductance and filter capacitance. In order to avoid this side effect from off-tuning, the filter must be tuned on some preceded order not on the exact order. In other words, total filter impedance must have reactive impedance on a tuned frequency. In this paper, tuning factor is derived by using a bode-plot based method and then performance of filter is confirmed as a harmonic current absorption rate which harmonic source flows through filter; and quality factor is also derived by using the same method and then the performance is confirmed by the same filter current absorption rate. Finally, the performance of proposed passive harmonic filter design using the tuning factor and quality factor is verified by experiment. Experimental results show that the 5 th , 7 th , 11 th and 13 th current harmonic distortions meet IEEE-519 requirement.

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