The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of a probiotic, Enterococcus faecium, on the immune responses against infection with the marine fish pathogen Lactococcus garvieae in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). The immune responses were assessed by lysozyme activity, complement activity, protease activity, and expression of proinflammatory cytokines by RT-PCR. The lysozyme and complement activities were increased between 9 to 15 and 9 to 13 days, respectively, and antiprotease activity was slightly elevated after 5 days of probiotic treatment. The TNF-α and IL-1β expressions were observed from kidney and spleen. The results of this study reveal that E. faecium induces immune-responsible materials and protects olive flounder from lactococcosis.
Young chai cho & Sung il Ahn * Although Raman spectroscopy is a major analytical tool in modern chemical experiments, commercial Raman spectrometers remain very pricey for educational and research purposes in individual university laboratories. thus, this study focused on the structural similarity between the Raman spectrometer and an optical pickup unit (opU), which is an inexpensive compact optical device used for a part of optical discs. the study investigated whether or not a full set of Raman spectrometer can be developed at a cost of less than 1,000 US$. The OPU-based Raman spectrometer was fabricated using 3D printer-made components, a Raman edge filter, and a laser diode with a wavelength of 520 nm as the light source. A function generator was used as a pulsed power source to analyze the characteristics of the opU Raman spectrometer according to various frequencies and duty ratios. When using a pulsed DC power supply, the laser wavelength tended to move to a longer wavelength with increases in duty ratios. that is, the higher the frequency at the same duty ratio, the weaker the background light intensity compared with the scattered Raman signal intensity. The findings illustrate that Raman signal strength can be adjusted by adjusting the focal length of the objective lens of the OPU through an external adjustment of an additional DC power. In the Raman spectra of all solid and liquid samples used, the maximum error rate reached approximately 11 cm −1 , whereas the maximum intensity deviation reached approximately ± 6%. The cost of the complete OPU Raman spectrometer is less than 1,100 US$ using a function generator as power source and less than 930 US$ using a DC adapter. If the optical density (OD) 6 filter can be replaced with the OD 4 filter, then the costs are expected to decrease to approximately 730 US$. Raman spectrometers are very powerful tools used for the simple and rapid identification of chemical species in chemical-related laboratories. In particular, it is considered one of the essential spectroscopic methods along with the research and development of low-dimensional carbon compounds, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and carbon dots 1-6. Since C. V. Raman discovered Raman scattering in 1928 7 , various Raman spectrometers have been developed after extensive research and improvement. Light scattering can be classified into Mie and Rayleigh scatterings dependent on the size of scattering materials 8. Mie scattering is a phenomenon in which the light of all colors is scattered evenly regardless of the wavelength due to particle sizes that are larger than the incident wavelengths of lights. When the size of the scattering matter is much smaller than the wavelength of light, the difference lies in the degree of scattering according to the wavelength of the incident light. The second form, namely, Rayleigh scattering, causes the sky to appear blue. Most photon incidents on a molecule undergo Rayleigh scattering at the same wavelength as the incident light. However, a few photons scatter inelas...
Bifidobacterium longum grew at 65 L pilot scale of the membrane bioreactor (MBR), externally fitted with ceramic membrane (0.7 m2). Cell mass at the MBR reached 22.18 g L(-1) as dry cell weight in 12 h, which is 8.44 times higher than cell mass attained at the vial culture. The growth rate in the vial culture was μ = 0.385 h- and at the batch culture was μ = 1.13 h- in the exponential period and μ = 0.31 h(-1) in the stationary period. In the fed-batch mode was μ = 1.102 h(-1) for 6 h with inoculation and declined to μ = 0.456 h(-1) with feeding of feed medium. The growth rate at the MBR was μ = 0.134 h(-1). The number of viable cells was 6.01 × 10(12) cfu L(-1) at the batch culture, but increased to 1.15 × 10(14) cfu L(-1) at the MBR culture. The specific growth rate of viable cell number (colony-forming units per liter, per hour) improved by 6.01 times from the batch to the MBR culture. The wall shear stress mainly generated by the pump, and the membrane incorporated into the MBR was controlled during the cultivation at the MBR. The viability of B. longum declined to under 10% in the first 2 weeks of the 4-week stability test (40° C) as B. longum was exposed to over wall shear stress 713 Pa, but the viability improved to 30-40% in wall shear stress of 260 Pa or STR culture. The loss in the cell viability can be saved by managing with wall shear stress during the cultivation at the MBR.
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