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^Äëíê~Åí= Optimal conditions for pilot-scale production of the carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) by _~Åáääìë=~ãóäçäáèìÉÑ~ÅáÉåë DL-3 were investigated. The best carbon and nitrogen sources for the production of CMCase by _K=~ãóäçäáèìÉÑ~ÅáÉåë DL-3 were found to be rice hull and peptone and their optimal concentrations were 5.0 and 0.20% (w/v), respectively. Optimal temperature and initial pH for the production of CMCase were 37°C and 6.8. Optimal agitation speed and aeration rate for the production of CMCase were 300 rpm and 1.0 vvm in a 7 L bioreactor, which were different from those for the cell growth of _K= ãóäçäáèìÉÑ~ÅáÉåë DL-3. The highest productions of CMCase by _K=~ãóäçäáèìÉÑ~ÅáÉåë DL-3 from 5.0% (w/v) rice hull as a carbon source under optimal conditions in a 7 or 100 L bioreactor were 220 and 367 U/mL, respectively. © KSBB

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This study explores Korean American dementia caregivers' attitudes toward caregiving. Qualitative descriptive interviews were conducted with four female spouse caregivers and four female adult child caregivers. Analysis of these interviews disclosed five major themes related to their perception of caregiving and the factors that contribute to their experience: (1) the importance of marital commitment for spouse caregivers, (2) cultural expectations of adult child caregivers, (3) the mediating role of social support in dementia caregiving, (4) the role of spirituality in dementia caregiving, and (5) the negative image of nursing homes. Finally, implications for mental health professionals and policy makers are provided.

Custodial grandparents play a significant role in sustaining healthy families, but the caregiving is demanding. A social research design and development process informed a school district‐university partnership project responding to the needs of a group of custodial grandparents. Three phases of the project are described: (i) needs assessment; (ii) design and implementation of a psychoeducational group facilitated by social work faculty and a school district administrator; and (iii) evaluation of programme impact. Major themes from the needs assessment and evaluation are presented. Discussion highlights the need for school and family engagement, recognition of the significant changes in family role required for grandparents, and viewing custodial grandparents as leaders and engaged caregivers. The meaning of diversity in group intervention for this population is also explored.

This study explored the experiences of 23 grandparents raising grandchildren to better understand the vulnerability and resiliency of grandparent-headed multigenerational families. Three key themes emerged: (a) family trauma with multigenerational impact, (b) multiple stressors impacting the custodial grandparents, and (c) family resiliency that can promote healing and growth. The discussion highlights complex intersections of trauma and stress, and resiliency and healing. Implications for social work practice include the importance of understanding the nature of trauma and resiliency in clinical interventions to ensure the healthy development of children and older adults. Implications for social work advocacy include the necessity to promote flexible policies that address the needs of grandparentheaded households. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE •Insight into the complex roles of trauma, toxic stress, and resiliency in the lives of grandparent-headed multigenerational families informs strengths-based approaches for clinical practice.

Water soluble 3CPI was delivered through i.p. injection after CVB3 infection. This agent preserved heart function and decreased organ viral titers and myocardial damage. Soluble 3CPI may be beneficial in the treatment of cardiomyopathy associated with enterovirus infection.