Previous analyses of employee participation in company-provided job training programs, using cross-sectional data on cumulative incidence levels, found either that men receive more training than women or no significant gender differences. The authors conducted event-history analyses of the hazard rate of entry into initial firm training programs by a national cohort of young workers. Rather than closing the gender gap, the women's training disadvantage widened after controlling for theoretically important human capital, occupational, industrial, organizational, and family-stage variables. Further examination of women's and men's distributions on these independent variables and estimates of separate event-history equations suggest that gender segregation by occupation and industry, workweek length, and family role obligations afford men better training opportunities than women. The authors conclude with suggestions for future research and speculations about the policy implications for closing the persistent gender gap in company-provided job training.
This paper examines the instability of party identification among eligible Japanese voters, using a seven-wave panel survey covering the period from 1993 to 1996. We found that only about a quarter of our sample consistently identified with the same parties, suggesting that party identification of eligible Japanese voters is very unstable. We also examined the individual characteristics influencing the stability of party identification and found that membership in religious organizations and favourable opinions toward major pre-existing political parties (the LDP, the CGP and the JSP/SDP) have a stabilizing effect on party identification. On the other hand, favourable opinions toward new parties and minor, pre-existing parties (the JCP and the DSP) have a destabilizing effect on party identification. Furthermore, political dissatisfaction, reformative ideology, and the absence of a belief in voting as a duty have a destabilizing effect on party identification. KEY WORDS _ Japanese voters _ party identification _ stabilityThe stability of party identification has been a controversial topic among scholars studying electoral behaviour (
A large majority of U.S. establishments provide formal job training programs, according to the 1991 National Organizations Survey. Most training is directed at core employees (who produce the company's main product or service) and their managers. But contrary to previous research, blue-collar core occupations receive as much company training as white-collar core workers. The more extensive an organization's internal labor market, the more likely it is to use formal training programs as mechanisms for enabling workers to advance to positions of higher prestige, pay, and responsibility. The presence of a labor union representing core workers in wage negotiations not only is associated with greater firm-provided training effort, but unions also seem to offset the adverse effects of an absent or poorly developed internal labor market for all types of workers. Unionized establishments are more likely than nonunionized workplaces to provide training to core workers recruited from outside the organization.
Based on a 2004 national survey data set, this article examines the effects of sociodemographic variables on American patriotism. This article demonstrates the usefulness of the generalized group dominance perspective in explaining the effects of some sociodemographic variables on patriotism. Whether socially hierarchical structures are based on race/ethnicity, religion, age or socioeconomic class, members of socially dominant groups are more emotionally attached to their country than are socially subordinate groups. However, the socialization perspective is applicable in explaining a negative effect of advanced education on patriotism. American academia may socialize students to internalize values and norms that question patriotism.
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