The utilization of light polarization is proposed to extract quasi-straightforward-propagating photons from diffused light transmitting through a scattering medium under continuously operating conditions. Removal of a floor level normally appearing on the dynamic range over which the extraction capability is maintained is demonstrated. By use of pulse-based observations this cw scheme of extraction of quasi-straightforwardpropagating photons is directly shown to be equivalent to the use of a temporal gate in the pulse-based operation.
An improved expression for the time-bandwidth product (DeltatDeltaf) of picosecond optical pulses from gain-switched semiconductor lasers was obtained by a series of numerical simulations based on rate equations without making any assumption for a particular pulse shape and chirp condition. The relation can be expressed by [Equation] as a function of the linewidth-enhancement factor alpha. The influence of the spontaneous emission factor beta on the relation is also examined.
We study the level spacing distribution p(s) in the spectrum of random networks. According to our numerical results, the shape of p(s) in the Erdős-Rényi (E-R) random graph is determined by the average degree k and p(s) undergoes a dramatic change when k is varied around the critical point of the percolation transition, k = 1. When k 1, the p(s) is described by the statistics of the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble (GOE), one of the major statistical ensembles in Random Matrix Theory, whereas at k = 1 it follows the Poisson level spacing distribution. Closely above the critical point, p(s) can be described in terms of an intermediate distribution between Poisson and the GOE, the Brodydistribution. Furthermore, below the critical point p(s) can be given with the help of the regularized Gamma-function. Motivated by these results, we analyse the behaviour of p(s) in real networks such as the internet, a word association network and a protein-protein interaction network as well. When the giant component of these networks is destroyed in a node deletion process simulating the networks subjected to intentional attack, their level spacing distribution undergoes a similar transition to that of the E-R graph.
Preparation of CuInSe2 thin films by evaporation of In2Se3 and Cu2Se is proposed. Sequential evaporation of In2Se3 and Cu2Se is superior in controlling composition of films and the p-type film with 24 cm2/V·s in Hall mobility is obtained. By heating substrates during deposition and using rf plasma, we have succeeded in obtaining the <112> highly oriented CuInSe2 thin films.
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