Sox2 expression marks neural and sensory primordia at various stages of development. A 50 kb genomic region of chicken Sox2 was isolated and scanned for enhancer activity utilizing embryo electroporation, resulting in identification of a battery of enhancers. Although Sox2 expression in the early embryonic CNS appears uniform, it is actually pieced together by five separate enhancers with distinct spatio-temporal specificities, including the one activated by the neural induction signals emanating from Hensen's node. Enhancers for Sox2 expression in the lens and nasal/otic placodes and in the neural crest were also determined. These functionally identified Sox2 enhancers exactly correspond to the extragenic sequence blocks conspicuously conserved between chicken and mammals, which are not discernible by sequence comparison among mammals.
Cumulative evidence now indicates pivotal roles for the group B1 Sox genes, Sox1, Sox2 and Sox3 in the genesis and development of neural primordia. Shared functions for the Sox1, Sox2 and Sox3 protein products have also been indicated. This emphasizes the importance and integral role of the group B1 Sox genes in regulating the neural primordia. We here review what is currently known about the expression patterns of both the group B1 Sox genes and the related group B2 Sox21 gene during the embryonic stages when the neural plate develops. These expression profiles are compared between the chicken and mouse embryos, both representatives of amniote species. This comparison indicates a gross conservation of the regulation of individual Sox genes, yet also demonstrates the existence of species-dependent variations, which should be taken into account when data from different species are being compared. To link the expression patterns and transcriptional regulation of these genes, contribution of gene-specific enhancers are discussed. The regulation of B1 Sox genes in the axial stem cells, the common precursors to the posterior neural plate and paraxial mesoderm and located at the posterior end of developing neural plate, is also highlighted in this review. This article thus provides a guide to performing readouts of B1 ⁄ B2 Sox expression data during neural plate development in amniotes.
These results suggest that cypress pollen was the largest cause of allergic conjunctivitis and that the total IgE level had no correlation with each specific IgE.
Background: Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are challenging but attractive targets for small chemical drugs. Whole PPIs, called the 'interactome', have been emerged in several organisms, including human, based on the recent development of high-throughput screening (HTS) technologies. Individual PPIs have been targeted by small drug-like chemicals (SDCs), however, interactome data have not been fully utilized for exploring drug targets due to the lack of comprehensive methodology for utilizing these data. Here we propose an integrative in silico approach for discovering candidates for drug-targetable PPIs in interactome data.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.