Optical chemical sensing of pH and water content in organic solvents is proposed, using multiinformation dyes (MIDs) based on the support matrixes for the dyes. In this investigation, four kinds of merocyanine-type dyes having a polymerizable olefin unit as the MIDs were synthesized. These dyes were copolymerized with hydrophilic monomer molecules to obtain dye-immobilized optical chemical sensor (optode) membranes. In this case, selection of the monomer molecule gave optode membranes having different color change properties, because different monomer molecules provided different chemical environments around the immobilized dye. These optode membranes were used for the measurement of pH and water content in organic solvents. These membranes offered two-dimensional sensing information in one spectrum when they were employed for water content sensing in organic solvents, in which the maximum wavelength represents the water content and the absorbance at this wavelength represents the pH of the water present. These polymer membranes have a long lifetime, which can be adequate for practical use.
We examined, both experimentally and theoretically, the mobility reduction in metal-insulator-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MISFETs) limited by remote charge scattering. The accuracy of the mobility calculations was confirmed by agreement with experiments on MISFETs with pure SiO2 gate dielectrics, in which mobility is reduced due to scattering from the depletion charges in the polycrystalline silicon gate. In MISFETs with Al2O3∕SiO2 gate stacks, we could not identify the contributions from the remote phonon scattering by using low-temperature measurements of the mobility. The experimental mobility reduction is explained by a model in which both negative and positive charges are located at the Al2O3∕SiO2 interface. According to this model, the mobility increases with the interfacial SiO2 thickness. We confirmed this by fabricating MISFETs with various interfacial SiO2 thicknesses.
BackgroundThis study aimed to identify (1) the predilection site of postoperative infection after third molar extraction surgery, (2) risk factors associated with postoperative infection, and (3) the cause of the difference between delayed- and early-onset infections.Material and MethodsThis retrospective study included 1010 patients (396 male, 614 female) who had ≥1 third molars extracted (2407; 812 maxilla, 1595 mandible). The risk factors were classified as attributes, general health, anatomic, and operative. Outcome variables were delayed- and early-onset infections.ResultsPostoperative infection was completely absent in the maxilla, and all infections occurred in the mandible, with a probability of 1.94% (31/1595). Bivariate analysis for postoperative infection showed depth of inclusion and intraoperative hemostatic treatment to be significantly associated with the development of infections. Bivariate analysis for delayed- and early-onset infections showed simultaneous extraction of the left and right mandibular third molars to be prominent risk factors.ConclusionsPostoperative infection occurs mainly in the mandible, and that in the maxilla is very rare. The risk of postoperative infection in the mandible was found to be related to the depth of inclusion and intraoperative hemostatic treatment. Simultaneous extraction of the left and right mandibular third molars appear to increase the risk of delayed-onset postoperative infection. Key words:Third molar extraction surgery, delayed-onset infection, early-onset infection, postoperative infection.
Mutagenic nitroaromatic compounds have recently been found in photocopies, urban atmosphere, automobile exhaust and wastewater. 1-Nitropyrene (I-NP) is readily formed when pyrene, ubiquitous in the environment, is exposed to nitrogen dioxide in the urban atmosphere or in automobile exhaust, and is highly mutagenic, inducing 449 hisr revertants/plate/nmol from Salmonella typhimurium strain T A98 in the absence of 89 fraction in the Salmonella-microsome test. It is possible to swallow sputum or some food containing I-NP and it would come into contact with the normal bacterial flora. We determined the I-NP nitroreductase activity in environmental and laboratory bacterial strains. We found that the mutagenicity of I-NP mixed with the feces of a healthy man or a culture of anaerobic bacteria was decreased. The product proved to be I-aminopyrene (I-AP), based on its fluorescence spectrum, its mass spectrum, and its characteristic thin layer chromatographic and high performance liquid chromatographic patterns. The I-NP nitroreductase activity of aerobic bacteria was low, but crude extracts from the anaerobic bacteria, i.e., Bacteroidesfragilis, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. oulgatus, Fusobacterium mortiferum, F. nucleatum, Clostridium perfringens, C. sporogenes, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, B. bifidum, Eubacterium lentum, E. limosum, andPeptostreptococcus anaerobius, all easily converted I-NP to I-AP and proportionally decreased the mutagenic activity of I-NP.A simple method for identifying chemical mutagens has been developed: the Ames test (I) measures back mutation in several specially constructed mutants of Salmonella typhimurium his-strains. A homogenate of rat liver 89 fraction is added to the Ames test to approximate mammalian metabolism.I-Nitropyrene (l-NP) is a nitroaromatic compound that is highly mutagenic in the Ames test. One nanomol of I-NP induces 484 hisr revertants/plate from S. typhimurium tester strain T A98 in the absence of 89 mix (21). Moreover, 1,8-dinitropyrene induces 72,900 hisr revertants/plate/nmol from strain TA98 (21). I-NP is more mutagenic than representative carcinogens and mutagens; for example, 2-nitronaphthalene and benzo(a)pyrene induce 8.7 and 121 hist revertants/plate/ nmol, respectively (20). I-NP is also carcinogenic in rats (26).I-NP has recently been detected in photocopies, airborne particles, automobile 993
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