The open-loop gains of the carotid sinus, aortic, and cardiopulmonary baroreflex systems defined as the ratio of posthemorrhage hypotension without a reflex to that with the reflex were estimated from experiments with a mild and quick hemorrhage (2 ml/kg body wt in 1-2 s) in 81 pentobarbital-anesthetized rabbits. The overall gain when all the nerves were intact was 7.4. After the carotid sinus nerves were sectioned the gain decreased to 3.0. After aortic nerve sectioning, the gain was 2.8, whereas vagotomy decreased it to 3.8. When both the carotid sinus and aortic nerves were cut, the gain was 0.9. When the aortic and vagus nerves were severed, it was 1.8. When the vagus and carotid sinus nerves were cut, it was 1.6. From these gain values the gain of the interacting component between the carotid sinus and aortic reflexes was calculated as 0.4; that between the aortic and cardiopulmonary reflexes was 0.5; and that between the cardiopulmonary and carotid sinus reflexes as 0.1. The gain of the interaction among all of these baroreflex systems was estimated to be 2.1. The results suggest that all these facilitatory interacting components play an important role in restoration of arterial pressure decrease caused by mild hemorrhage.
To determine whether or not cardiac nerves control the release of atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP), we examined the effects of intrapericardial cardiac denervation on circulating ANP in conscious dogs. Base-line level of circulating ANP in six cardiac-denervated (CD) dogs (191 +/- 24 pg/ml) was not significantly different from that in seven intact (INT) dogs (196 +/- 18 pg/ml). Three percent dextran-40 in saline (18 ml/kg, 20% of estimated blood volume) was infused over 5 min, and the elevated left atrial pressure (LAP; approximately 8 mmHg) was maintained by supplemental infusion over 40 min. The increase in circulating ANP after infusion in the CD dogs (462 +/- 61 pg/ml) was not significantly different from that in the INT dogs (435 +/- 73 pg/ml). The regression line relating circulating ANP (normalized with regard to the control value) with the change in LAP in the INT dogs was not significantly different from that in the CD dogs. These results suggest that the cardiac nerves do not control the tonic release of ANP or the volume expansion-induced release of ANP.
Lower abdominal cramps, or shofukukyuketsu in Japanese, are thought to be one indication to use tokakujokito for the abdominal symptom of oketsu. To clarify the condition, anatomical analysis was performed using 3 D imaging. There were 20 women and 11 men entered in this study who consulted our hospital for lower abdominal pain or a sense of discomfort. Width and the thickness of the rectus muscle of the abdomen were analyzed. Moreover, gas images and feces in the intestinal tract under the abdominal wall were also observed. In addition, the presence of rectus abdominal muscle separation, or shofukufujin in Japanese, was evaluated. In the women, where lower abdominal cramps were a complaint, young age (53.1 ± 18.3 vs. 30.4 ± 9.8, p < 0.05), low parity (1.5 ± 1.0 vs. 0.25 ± 0.5, p < 0.05), and thickness of the abdominal rectus muscle (8.14 ± 2.5 mm vs. 12.4 ± 1.6 mm, p < 0.05) were confirmed. Also in several cases of lower abdominal cramps, feces were seen at the sigmoid colon. A significant difference was seen in the male group. Cases with lower abdominal cramps suggest involvement of local muscle spasms at the bottom of abdominal rectus muscle, which may contribute to the seemed symptom of abdominal formation. On the other hand, a mechanism different from that in women was considered in the men. This suggests that it is necessary to consider gender differences when making a Kampo diagnosis.lower abdominal cramps, abdominal rectus muscle, nulliparous women, constipation, gender differences !
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