Background:The present study aim to investigate on the characterization of green synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and to evaluate whether this herbal nanoparticle can increase the efficiency of herb for alteration of hematological indices against acetaminophen induced toxicity in male Wistar rats.Methods: Bark extract of Terminalia arjuna was used for the green synthesis of AuNPs and then characterization of the nanoparticles were done. Then experiment was conducted on 24 healthy male Wistar rats. The animals were divided into four groups, each group having six rats. Group-1: Control; Group-2: acetaminophen treated (500 mg / kg) for 14 days; Group-3: Co-administration of acetaminophen (500 mg/kg/day) along with Terminalia arjuna bark extract (175 µg/kg/day) for 14 days; Group-4: Co-administration acetaminophen (500 mg/kg/day) along with of green synthesised AuNPs (175 µg/kg/day) for 14 days. Hematological indices were measured using standard hematological techniques. Results:The green synthesized AuNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, FESEM, HRTEM, EDX, FTIR, XRD, DLS analysis. UV-visible spectroscopy showed SPR band at 524 nm. FESEM, HRTEM and XRD analyses revealed that green synthesized AuNPs were spherical shaped, crystalline in nature with size ranging between 20 and 40 nm. Hematological analysis revealed that there was significant decrease in Red Blood Cells (RBCs), Hemoglobin (HB), Hematocrit (HCT)%, Lymphocyte percentage and Platelet Distribution Width (PDW)%, with acetaminophen treatment but White Blood Cells(WBCs), Red blood cell Distribution Width (RDW)% and Platelets (PLTs) significantly increases with acetaminophen administration. Then after co-administration with green synthesized AuNPs along with acetaminophen showed effective significant recovery in the hematological alterations. Conclusions:Overall the results highlighted the promising effect of green synthesized AuNPs against acetaminophen induced hematological alterations in male Wistar rats.
Pha rm a c e u tic a An a ly t ic a A cta
Flavonoid is a polyphenolic antioxidant used to treat free radical mediated tissue damage. So flavonoids are the good targets for treatment of many diseases like cancer, toxicity health hazards, neurodegenaration etc. Drug delivery of flavonoid is the novel approach where dosing and drug toxicity can be minimized. Antioxidant Catechin Hydrate (CH) is choosen to make drug delivery vehicle: nanocapsules either alone or in combination with chelator sodium meta borate (SMB) within biodegradable poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA). Sizes of the prepared particles were determined through scanning and atomic force microscopy where less than 50 nm particle sizes were revealed. Bioavailability in serum study determines that shelf life of CH can be increased with nanocapsule delivery compared to free drug. Results demonstrate the efficacy of Nanocapsulated CH to be a potent vehicle for tissue targeting.
Biopharmaceuticals like monoclonal antibodies are widely used in clinical medicine for various therapies e.g. cancer, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Immunogenicity is one of the issues for safety. Such undesired immunogenicity can also limit the use of biopharmaceuticals, particularly for the treatment of chronic diseases that necessitate repeated treatments over long period. Assessment of immunogenicity is an important component of drug safety evaluation, which is presently performed by estimating risk factors. Risk based approach considers both probability of induction of immune response and expected clinical consequences. A combination of the two may result in high, medium or low risk levels and will depend on the product, patient and treatment related characteristics. Well engineered cells, well designed formulation coupled with good manufacturing scheme may sometimes reduce some of the extrinsic and intrinsic factors and increase the stability of drug product. One of the proposal for remedies is to purify the drug product to homogeneity or near homogeneity retaining its stability and functional activity. On the other hand, quite a few biosimilar drugs, which are supposed to be economical version of branded biotherapeutics, is expected to be in the market in next several years. Unfortunately, biosimilar manufacturing is often different from the brand name drug due to variation in manufacturing processes. As a result, such variations may trigger unwanted immunogenicity. Risk based approach, like branded drug, is more likely be required for drug development of therapeutic proteins for evaluation of immunogenicity followed by a development plan for risk mitigation.
In this study, a total number of fifteen moribund Labeo bata were collected from Hooghly, Purba Medinipur, and South 24 Parganas districts of West Bengal, India. The lesions and hemorrhages were recorded at the base of the fins or on the skin due to bacterial infection. Isolation and pure culture of the causative agent were made in the laboratory. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of the bacterial isolate PB112 has been deposited in the NCBI GenBank and was assigned the accession number JN996498. The GC and AT contents of the 16S rRNA gene sequence (JN996498) were 54.22 and 45.78%, respectively. Based on the biochemical properties, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis, the causative bacteria were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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