Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease which affects ≈25% of the adult population worldwide, placing a tremendous burden on human health. The disease spectrum ranges from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and ultimately, cirrhosis and carcinoma, which are becoming leading reasons for liver transplantation. NAFLD is a complex multifactorial disease involving myriad genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors; it is closely associated with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, and many other diseases. Over the past few decades, countless studies focusing on the investigation of noninvasive diagnosis, pathogenesis, and therapeutics have revealed different aspects of the mechanism and progression of NAFLD. However, effective pharmaceuticals are still in development. Here, the current epidemiology, diagnosis, animal models, pathogenesis, and treatment strategies for NAFLD are comprehensively reviewed, emphasizing the outstanding breakthroughs in the above fields and promising medications in and beyond phase II.
Cancer is a major public health problem as one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Deciphering the molecular regulation mechanisms of tumor progression can make way for tumor diagnosis and therapy. Paternally expressed gene 10 (PEG10), located on human chromosome 7q21.3, has turned out to be an oncogene implicated in the proliferation, apoptosis and metastasis of tumors. PEG10 has been found to be positively expressed in a variety of cancers with seemingly complex expression regulation mechanisms. In this review, we focus on the most vital factors influencing PEG10 expression and recapitulate some of the currently known and potential mechanisms of PEG10 affecting tumor progression, as understanding the molecular regulatory mechanisms of tumor progression can provide potential PEG10 related diagnosis and biomarker specific targeted therapies.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver disease and a major cause of related complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NAFLD progresses through the stages of simple steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and
HCC. However, NAFLD usually cannot be diagnosed in a timely manner, which is largely attributed to the asymptomatic features of NAFLD patients and the lack of an effective and accurate noninvasive screening approach. Although liver biopsy has been recognized as a gold standard for diagnosing
NAFLD, this approach is not suitable for screening and monitoring NAFLD because of its high cost and invasiveness. Several noninvasive screening and diagnostic systemic assessments have been developed in recent years for NAFLD evaluation. Here we summarize the current status and methods for
NAFLD diagnosis, including both noninvasive (imaging, biomarkers) and invasive (liver biopsy) assessments. We further discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these developed diagnostic approaches for NAFLD.
In this paper, a nonlinear robust control method is developed for trajectory tracking of a quadrotor aircraft. The proposed approach combines the robust signal compensation method and the backstepping technique. First, the quadrotor dynamic system with multiple disturbances and uncertainties is divided into four subsystems. Then, the nominal controllers are constructed for the subsystems without disturbance terms, while the robust signal compensators are introduced to compensate for the effect of nonlinearities and uncertainties. Furthermore, the Lyapunov analysis has shown that the proposed controller can achieve stable tracking in the presence of violent discontinuous disturbances and uncertainties. The tracking error converges to an arbitrarily small neighborhood of zero. Finally, the proposed control design is validated with real flight experiments. The results show superior trajectory tracking performance of the quadrotor system affected by external disturbances. INDEX TERMS Robust control, quadrotor, trajectory tracking, signal compensation. JIA SUN received the B.S. degree in automation from the School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China, in 2015, where she is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in control science and engineering. She was a visiting Ph.D. student with the
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