No abstract

The distribution of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) allele and haplotype varied among different ethnic populations. In this study, we investigated the allele and haplotype frequencies of HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-DRB1 loci in the Nanning Han population who live in Guangxi province of China. We identified 26 HLA-A, 56 HLA-B and 31 HLA-DRB1 alleles in 562 Nanning individuals of Han ethnic group by sequence-based typing method. Of these, the three most common alleles in HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-DRB1 loci, respectively, were A*11:01 (32.12%), A*02:07 (12.54%), A*24:02 (12.01%); B*46:01 (14.41%), B*15:02 (13.61%), B*40:01 (11.48%); DRB1*15:01 (14.15%), DRB1*16:02 (11.57%) and DRB1*12:02 (10.14%). With the exception of HLA-DRB1, the p values of the HLA-A and HLA-B loci showed that the HLA allelic distribution in this population was in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg expectation (p > 0.05). A total of 173 HLA~A-B~DRB1 haplotype with a frequency of >0.1% were presented and the three most common haplotype were HLA-A*33:03~B*58:01~DRB1*03:01 (6.12%), HLA-A*11:01~B*15:02~DRB1*12:02 (3.39%) and HLA-A*11:01~B*15:02~DRB1*15:01 (3.22%). The phylogenetic tree and the principal component analysis suggested that Nanning Han population had a relative close genetic relationship with Chinese Zhuang population and a relative distant genetic relationship with Northern Han Chinese. The information will be useful for anthropological studies, for HLA matching in transplantation and disease association studies in the Chinese population.

HLA-DRB1*14:150 shows one nucleotide difference when compared with DRB1*14:54:01 at codon 49 (A > P).

With the depletion of energy, the increasingly prominent problem of environmental pollution and the proposal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, photovoltaic (hereinafter referred to as “PV”) power generation technology has become a hot spot for many countries to develop, and PV power plants can make a significant contribution to the development of a sustainable energy system. However, PV modules pollution have become a serious problem for PV power plants, which have a great influence on power generation and operating costs. Air pollution, rainfall, module dust accumulation, and ground conditions are key factors that affect the performance and output power of PV modules. This article provides an overview of recent research on the impact of module contamination on PV systems. The study found that the PV power loss caused by component pollution in some power plants reached 5%–20%. This paper aims to analyze the source of module pollution and evaluate the research status of its influence on power generation, so as to provide guidance for the design, operation, and maintenance of PV power plants.

HLA‐DRB1*04:357 differs from HLA‐DRB1*04:17:02 by two nucleotides in exon 2.

HLA-A*33:88 differs from HLA-A*33:03:01 by one nucleotide exchange at position 475, G>A (codon 135 GCG>ACG).

A new allele, officially named B*40:01:40, was detected in a Chinese individual by sequence-based typing (SBT). The new allele differs from B*40:01:01 by a single nucleotide exchange at position 99 in codon 9, which results in synonymous substitution and seems not to compromise the HLA complex and T-cell receptor interaction.

HLA-A*02:513 shows one nucleotide difference with A*02:07:01 (125G > A).