Rationale:Although persistent postoperative hiccups can cause various problems (such as sleep disorders, depression, fatigue) for the patient, there has been little research on this topic. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of treating persistent postoperative hiccups with a stellate ganglion block (SGB), an injection of local anesthetic in the sympathetic nerve tissue of the neck.Patient concerns and diagnoses:Three patients each developed persistent hiccups within 3 days of abdominal surgery, lasting for 3 to 6 days. The patients were diagnosed as having persistent hiccups based on the hiccup duration.Interventions and outcomes:The 3 patients were treated with an SGB. After the procedure, the frequency and intensity of hiccups decreased and then the hiccups stopped completely.Conclusion:An SGB is an effective method that can be considered in conjunction with other treatments for persistent hiccups. Clinicians should be mindful of the negative effects that persistent hiccups can exert on patients.
Objectives : We compared with the effects of different parts (root head, root body and hairy root) of Angelica gigas Nakai (Angelicae Gigantis Radix, AG) with on middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)-induced ischemic rats, and on LPS-induced inflammatory response in BV2 microglia. Methods : The 30% ethanol and water extracts of different parts of AG were prepared. Each extract (50 and 100 ㎎/㎏) was administrated intraperitoneally once in MCAO-induced ischemic rats. We measured infarction volumes by TTC staining, and investigated the expression of iNOS, Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 by Western blot. BV2 cells were treated with each extract for 30 min, and then stimulated with LPS. The levels of NO was measured by Griess assay. The expression of iNOS, Cox-2 and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α , IL-1β , and IL-6) were determined RT-PCR and Western blot. The phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK MAPK was determined by Western blot. Results : Among different parts of AG, the 30% ethanol and water extracts of hairy root significantly decreased infarction volume in ischemic brains and inhibited the expression of iNOS, bax and caspase-3. The extracts of hairy root significantly inhibited LPS-induced production of NO, TNF-α and IL-6 in BV2 cells, and suppressed the expression of iNOS and COX-2. The hairy root extracts attenuated LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK MAPK in BV2 cells. Conclusions : Our results indicate that the root hairy of AG has a good neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in ischemic stroke compared to other parts.
Malignant metastatic melanoma (MM) is the most lethal of all skin cancers, but detailed mechanisms for regulation of melanoma metastasis are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrated that developmentally regulated GTP-binding protein 2 (DRG2) is required for the growth of primary tumors and for metastasis. DRG2 expression was significantly increased in MM compared with primary melanoma (PM) and dysplastic nevi. A correlation between DRG2 expression and poor disease-specific survival in melanoma patients was also identified. Furthermore, inhibition of DRG2 suppressed the binding of Hypoxia-inducible factor 1a to the VEGF-A promoter region, expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, and formation of endothelial cell tubes. In experimental mice, DRG2 depletion inhibited the growth of PM and lung metastases and increased survival. These results identify DRG2 as a critical regulator of VEGF-A expression and of growth of PMs and lung metastases.
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