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Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the remineralization potential of phosphorylated chitosan nanoparticles (Pchi) and silver diamine fluoride (SDF) compared to sodium fluoride varnish (NaF) on microhardness of artificial carious lesions in a biomimetic minimally invasive approach that is being regarded as the future of preventive dentistry. Methods The sample size included 40 intact extracted maxillary anterior human teeth. Baseline microhardness was recorded using Vickers hardness test and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Artificial caries-like lesions were created on the exposed enamel by suspending all teeth in demineralizing solution for 10 days in a temperature of 37 °C and then the hardness and EDX were remeasured. Samples were then divided into four main groups: Group A (positive control group) n = 10, treated with NaF, Group B n = 10, treated with SDF, Group C n = 10, treated with Pchi and Group D (negative control group) n = 10 that received no treatment. After treatment, samples were incubated in artificial saliva solution at 37 °C in for 10 days and then reassessed. Data were then recorded, tabulated, and statistically analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis test and Wilcoxon signed test. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to analyze the morphological changes of enamel surface after treatment. Results Groups B and C showed the highest calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) content as well as hardness values, while group B had the highest percentage of fluoride. SEM revealed a smooth layer of mineral formed on the surface of enamel for both groups. Conclusion Pchi and SDF showed the highest increase in enamel microhardness and remineralization potential. Clinical relevance The minimally invasive approach for remineralization could be enhanced using SDF and Pchi.

Background: Gaucher disease (GD) is a lysosomal storage disease caused by an autosomal recessive inherited deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase. The aim of this study was to describe jaw bones involvement and dental radiographic features in pediatric Gaucher disease patients (type I and type III). Subjects and Methods: The study population of this casecontrol study included 42 Gaucher patients (study group) and 84 medically free children (control group). Panoramic radiographic images of both groups were taken and analyzed for the following findings: generalized bone rarefaction, localized rarefaction, enlarged bone marrow spaces, thinning of cortex, pseudo-cystic radiolucent lesions, anodontia, and dental anomalies. Results: Generalized rarefaction showed almost similar percentages in both types of Gaucher disease cases. Localized rarefaction was noted in 30.77% and 18.75%, of Gaucher disease type III and type I respectively. Pseudo-cystic radiolucent lesions, thinning of cortex, anodontia and dental anomalies were more prevalent in type III Gaucher patients. Conclusion: Thinning of cortex, localized rarefaction and generalized rarefaction are the most common jaw bone findings in Gaucher patients.

Background: Dental caries is a chronic, multifactorial disease, with limited background data available for the Egyptian and Kuwaiti populations. Aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of dental caries among Egyptian and Kuwaiti children in correlation with snacking habits and oral hygiene measure. Subjects and Methods:A total number of 360 Egyptian and kuwaiti children, each group comprised of 180 children (aged between 3-12 years)were examined over the period from 3 rd August 2019 till 6 th of October 2019.Demographic data, snacking habits and frequency of tooth brushing for children were recorded in a questionnaire. Dental status was analyzed using decayed, missing and filled index (dmf) for deciduous dentition and (DMF) index for permanent dentition. For mixed dentition (def ) index d(decayed),e (decayed tooth indicated for extraction) and f (filled tooth).Results: Kuwaiti children who had unhealthy ,mixed snacks (healthy/Unhealthy), twice daily, at different time of the day (BL/LD) and brushing their teeth twice daily had a significantly higher value of DMF than the Egyptian children. Also, The Kuwaiti children had a significantly higher dmf score than the Egyptian children regarding healthy snacks, mixed snacks, twice daily, at different time of the day (BL/LD) and brushing their teeth twice daily. Finally, the Kuwaiti children showed higher statistically significant difference score of def regarding Unhealthy and twice daily snacks than the Egyptian children . Conclusion:Our findings suggest that Kuwaiti children have higher caries prevalence than Egyptian children.