Until now, the interest to plants from genus Scutellaria in Bulgaria has been focused mainly on the terpenes in them. The purpose of this study is to enrich the information on the composition of the Bulgarian Scutellaria species in terms of both polyphenolic content as well as primary metabolites such as mono-, oligosaccharides and organic acids. An aerial part of three Scutellaria species growing in four low mountain regions of Southern Bulgaria was used. The flavonoids scutellarin, baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, wogonoside, luteolin, chrysin and a caffeoyl phenylethanoid glycoside-verbascoside have been identified via HPLC in different extracts from Scutellaria altissima, Scutellaria albida and Scutellaria galericulata. The antioxidant activity of the extracts has been evaluated. The Scutellaria altissima from Mezek and Scutellaria galericulata from Parvenets we studied, which are the richest in flavonoids (represented mainly by baicalin, scutellarin and wogonoside), show the highest Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity. Hydroxyl Radical Averting Capacity of Scutellaria albida from Mezek and Scutellaria altissima from Bachkovo is the most pronounced, probably due to the content of scutellarin and luteolin and chrysin, respectively. Antioxidant activity of aqueous, methanolic and 70% and 96% ethanol extracts were also determined by the electrochemical method.
Fourteen neo-clerodane diterpenoids isolated from Scutellaria altissima (Lamiaceae) were tested for insect antifeedant activity against Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. Potato leaf disks treated with small amounts of the compounds (concentration 1000, 100, 10 ppm) resulted in good to very good antifeedant activity. Clerodin (1), scutecyprin (11) and 11-epi-scutecolumnin C (12) showed strong feeding inhibition at 1000 ppm and exhibited significant antifeedant activity at a concentration of 100 ppm. Activity was established by calculating the feeding ratio (FR) between the consumed areas of treated disks (CTD) and control disks (CCD). For comparison, FR 50 values were determined as the FR at a CCD of 50%. Structural features of the compounds associated with the changes in activity and structure-antifeedant activity relationships are discussed. For the first time the anti-feedant activity has been evaluated of neo-clerodane diterpenoids with an unusual R-configuration of the carbon atom C-11.
This study uses surplus production model-based methods to assess data-poor stocks and estimate key reference points for Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda) and bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) in the Black Sea. Our results demonstrate that the catch maximum sustainable yield (CMSY) method, using catch data only, yields similar results to the more accurate Bayesian Schaefer model (BSM) method, fitted with commercial catch-per-unit-of-effort data, and therefore is suitable in assessing data-poor stocks. We explore the ecological impacts of the two stocks on other commercial species and compare impacts of predation and fishing. Prior to 1995, the consumption of bonito and bluefish on anchovy, horse mackerel, and sprat exceeded the removal of those prey species by the fisheries. Later on, the trends reversed, with catches of prey species becoming more than three times higher than their predation by bonito and bluefish. Horse mackerel, the main prey of bluefish, has declined to critical levels since 1995, which is likely contributing to the general decline in bluefish, along with overfishing. Heavy fishing of bonito and bluefish has caused their current depleted states and combined with their significant impact on prey fish contributed to the ecosystem regime shift in the Black Sea. Due to the present steady positioning of low stock regimes, the recovery of the two stocks need decisive and possibly prolonged rebuilding measures, including a reduction in fishing pressure, efficient control of under-sized catch, and ensuring sufficient prey biomass availability.
Introduction:Scutellaria extracts and its constituents, especially the characteristic flavonoids such as baicalein and its glycoside baicalin, exhibit significant antimicrobial activity. Aim: To perform a comparative analysis of flavonoid composition and antimicrobial activity of extracts obtained from aerial parts and roots of Scutellaria altissima from the regions of Mezek and Bachkovo, Bulgaria. Materials and methods: 70% ethanol and aqueous extracts of aerial parts and roots of S. altissima were used. HPLC analysis of S. altissima extracts was performed. Microbiological tests were done on clinical isolates of Streptococcus mitis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. Minimal bactericidal and minimal bacteriostatic concentrations of S. altissima extracts were determined by the agar method. Results: The ethanol extracts contain flavonoids approximately twice as much in comparison with the aqueous extracts. The baicalin content in the aerial parts of S. altissima from the region of Mezek is 5 times higher than that in the roots. S. altissima extracts have effective antimicrobial activity against S. mitis only. The minimal bactericidal concentration of ethanol extracts of S. altissima aerial parts and S. altissima roots is 2000 µg/ml and 8000 µg/ml at 24 hours, respectively. The bactericidal effect of aqueous extracts occurs at 48 hours at minimal bactericidal concentration of S. altissima aerial parts – 2000 µg/ml and of S. altissima roots – 6000 µg/ml. Conclusions: The finding that extracts of Bulgarian S. altissima possess effective antimicrobial properties against S. mitis suggests that it can be used as a potential source for the development of natural antimicrobial agents to suppress oral pathogens and prevent some oral infections.
Background: Echinophora tenuifolia L. subsp. sibthorpiana is a perennial, aromatic plant used in traditional folk medicine and cuisine of the Mediterranean and the Middle East. However, scholars have not fully studied the pharmacological potential of the herb, and the scientific data on this plant species are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) obtained from the aerial parts of E. tenuifolia subsp. sibthorpiana growing wild in Bulgaria and to perform histochemical analysis. Methods: A microscopic histochemical analysis and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry were performed. Results: The histochemical analysis confirmed the presence of terpenes in the stem and leaf of E. tenuifolia subsp. sibthorpiana. The phenylpropanoid methyleugenol was identified as the main compound in the EO, representing 48.13% of the total oil composition. There were also found considerable amounts of monoterpene hydrocarbons, representing 41.68% of the total EO. Alpha-phellandrene, o-cymene, and β-phellandrene were the most abundant monoterpene hydrocarbons. Conclusion: This is the first histochemical analysis performed on E. tenuifolia subsp. sibthorpiana. This is the first report of the EO composition from Bulgarian E. tenuifolia subsp. sibthorpiana, and our results indicate some future possibilities for evaluating of the biological activity of the EO of E. tenuifolia subsp. sibthorpiana and highlight the potential future use of the EO of this plant species. E. tenuifolia L. subsp. sibthorpiana EO possesses a good potential for use as a biopesticide and repellent an environmentally friendly alternative of synthetic pesticides.
The main aim of this study was to assess the differences in the chemical composition of essential oil from biocultivated Lavandula angustifolia in the Thracian Lowland floristic region, Bulgaria, and commercially available products from Bulgarian markets. Following the analytical results conducted with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we have established some differences in the chemical composition of the tested samples. The essential oil of biocultivated lavender contained 35 compounds, which represent 94.13% of the total oil. Samples from commercial products contained 28–42 compounds that represent 93.03–98.69% of the total oil. All the examined samples were rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons (1.68–12.77%), oxygenated monoterpenes (70.42–87.96%), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (4.03–13.78%), and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (0.14–0.76%). The dominant components in all examined samples were linalool (20.0–45.0%) and linalyl acetate (20.79–39.91%). All the examined commercial samples contained linalool and linalyl acetate as was described in the European Pharmacopoeia, but in one of the samples, the quality of linalyl acetate is lower than that recommended in the European Pharmacopoeia.
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