We report a facile synthesis of Ag@Au concave cuboctahedra by titrating aqueous HAuCl4 into a suspension of Ag cuboctahedra in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA), NaOH, and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) at room temperature. Initially, the Au atoms derived from the reduction of Au(3+) by AA are conformally deposited on the entire surface of a Ag cuboctahedron. Upon the formation of a complete Au shell, however, the subsequently formed Au atoms are preferentially deposited onto the Au{100} facets, resulting in the formation of a Ag@Au cuboctahedron with concave structures at the sites of {111} facets. The concave cuboctahedra embrace excellent SERS activity that is more than 70-fold stronger than that of the original Ag cuboctahedra at an excitation wavelength of 785 nm. The concave cuboctahedra also exhibit remarkable stability in the presence of an oxidant such as H2O2 because of the protection by a complete Au shell. These two unique attributes enable in situ SERS monitoring of the reduction of 4-nitrothiophenol (4-NTP) to 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) by NaBH4 through a 4,4'-dimercaptoazobenzene (trans-DMAB) intermediate and the subsequent oxidation of 4-ATP back to trans-DMAB upon the introduction of H2O2.

We report an indirect method for the effective replacement of ligands on the surface of Au nanocrystals with different morphologies. The method involves the deposition of an ultrathin layer of Ag to remove a strong capping agent such as cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC), followed by selective etching of the Ag layer in the presence of citrate ions as a stabilizer. Using multiple characterization techniques, we confirm that the surface of the Au nanocrystals is covered by citrate ions after the indirect ligand exchange process, and there is essentially no aggregation during the entire process. We also demonstrate that this method is effective in suppressing the toxicity of Au nanospheres by completely replacing the initially used CTAC with citrate.

Noble-metal nanocrystals have received considerable interests owing to their fascinating properties and promising applications in areas including plasmonics, catalysis, sensing, imaging, and medicine. As demonstrated by ample examples, the performance of nanocrystals in these and related applications can be augmented by switching from monometallic to bimetallic systems. The inclusion of a second metal can enhance the properties and greatly expand the application landscape by bringing in new capabilities. Seeded growth offers a powerful route to bimetallic nanocrystals. This approach is built upon the concept that preformed nanocrystals with uniform, well-controlled size, shape, and structure can serve as seeds to template and direct the deposition of metal atoms. Seeded growth is, however, limited by galvanic replacement when the deposited metal is less reactive than the seed. The involvement of galvanic replacement not only makes it difficult to control the outcome of seeded growth but also causes degradation to some properties. We have successfully addressed this issue by reducing the salt precursor(s) into atoms with essentially no galvanic replacement. In the absence of self-nucleation, the atoms are preferentially deposited onto the seeds to generate bimetallic nanocrystals with controlled structures. In this Account, we use Ag nanocubes as an example to demonstrate the fabrication of Ag@M and Ag@Ag-M (M = Au, Pd, or Pt) nanocubes with a core-frame or core-shell structure by controlling the deposition of M atoms. A typical synthesis involves the titration of M (a precursor to M) ions into an aqueous suspension containing Ag nanocubes, ascorbic acid, and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) under ambient conditions. In one approach, aqueous sodium hydroxide is introduced to increase the initial pH of the reaction system. At pH = 11.9, ascorbic acid is dominated by ascorbate monoanion, a much stronger reductant, to suppress the galvanic replacement between M and Ag. In this case, the M atoms derived from the reduction by ascorbate monoanion are sequentially deposited on the edges, corners, and side faces to generate Ag@M core-frame and then core-shell nanocubes. The other approach involves the use of ascorbic acid as a relatively weak reductant while M is cotitrated with Ag ions in the absence of sodium hydroxide. At pH = 3.2, when the molar ratio of Ag to M is sufficiently high, the added Ag ions can effectively push the galvanic reaction backward and thus inhibit it. As a result, coreduction of the two precursors by ascorbic acid produces Ag and M atoms for the generation of Ag@Ag-M core-frame nanocubes with increasingly thicker ridges. The Ag@Ag-Pd core-frame nanocubes can serve as a dual catalyst to promote the stepwise reduction of nitroaromatics to aminoaromatics and then oxidation to azo compounds. The consecutive reactions can be monitored using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The Ag@Au core-shell nanocubes with Au shells of three or six atomic layers exhibit plasmonic peaks almost identical to those of th...

Aromatic azo compounds are high‐value chemicals extensively used as pigments, drugs, and food additives, but their production typically requires stoichiometric amounts of environmentally unfriendly metals or nitrites. There is an urgent need to develop a dual catalytic system capable of reducing nitroaromatics to aromatic amines, followed by their oxidation to azo compounds. Here we report such a dual catalyst based on Ag@Pd‐Ag core‐frame nanocubes for the stepwise conversion of 4‐nitrothiophenol to trans‐4,4′‐dimercaptoazobenzene under ambient conditions. Our in situ surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy study reveals three sequential processes that include the Pd‐catalyzed reduction of 4‐nitrothiophenol to 4‐aminothiophenol by hydrogen, a period during which the 4‐aminothiophenol remain unchanged until all hydrogen has depleted, and the Ag‐catalyzed oxidation of 4‐aminothiophenol to trans‐4,4′‐dimercaptoazobenzene by the O2 from air. This work will lead to an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach to the production of aromatic azo compounds.

We report the use of 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide (2,6-DMPI) as a spectroscopic probe to study the heterogeneous nucleation and deposition of Pd on Ag nanocubes under different conditions by surface-enhanced Raman scattering. As a major advantage, the spectroscopic analysis can be performed in situ and in real time with the nanoparticles still suspended in the reaction solution. The success of this method relies on the distinctive stretching frequencies (ν) of the isocyanide group in 2,6-DMPI when it binds to Ag and Pd atoms through σ donation and π-back-donation, respectively. Significantly, we discovered that ν was sensitive to the arrangement of Pd adatoms on the Ag surface. For example, when the isocyanide group bound to one, two, and three Pd atoms, we would observe the atop, bridge, and hollow configurations, respectively, at different ν frequencies. As such, the ν band could serve as a characteristic reporter for the Pd adatoms being deposited onto different types of facets on Ag nanocubes with atomic-level sensitivity. When 2,6-DMPI molecules were introduced into the reaction solution, we further demonstrated in situ tracking of heterogeneous nucleation and early stage deposition of Pd on Ag nanocubes by monitoring the evolution of ν bands for both Ag and Pd surface atoms as a function of reaction time. This in situ technique opens up the opportunity to investigate the roles played by reaction temperature and the type of Pd(II) precursor in influencing the heterogeneous nucleation and growth of bimetallic nanocrystals. The sensitivity of isocyanide group to Pd atoms helps elucidate some of the details on the reduction, deposition, and diffusion processes involved in heterogeneous nucleation.

This report highlights recent progress in the rational design, synthesis, and applications of bimetallic nanocrystals with integrated SERS and catalytic activities.

We report the synthesis of bifunctional Ag@SiO2/Au nanoparticles with an “islands in the sea” configuration by titrating HAuCl4 solution into an aqueous suspension of Ag@SiO2 core–shell nanocubes in the presence of NaOH, ascorbic acid, and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) at pH 11.9. The NaOH plays an essential role in generating small pores in the SiO2 shell in situ, followed by the epitaxial deposition of Au from the Ag surface through the pores, leading to the formation of Au islands (6–12 nm in size) immersed in a SiO2 sea. By controlling the amount of HAuCl4 titrated into the reaction system, the Au islands can be made to pass through and protrude from the SiO2 shell, embracing catalytic activity toward the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol to 4‐aminophenol by NaBH4. While the Ag in the core provides a strong surface‐enhanced Raman scattering activity, the SiO2 sea helps maintain the Au component as compact, isolated, and stabilized islands. The Ag@SiO2/Au nanoparticles can serve as a bifunctional probe to monitor the stepwise Au‐catalyzed reduction of 4‐nitrothiophenol to 4‐aminothiophenol by NaBH4 and Ag‐catalyzed oxidation of 4‐aminothiophenol to trans‐4,4′‐dimercaptoazobenzene by the O2 from air in the same reaction system.

In this study, a two-span continuous beam bridge is used as the model to calculate the theoretical solution of the lateral collision between the main beam and the retaining block under the vertical separation of the main beam and the bent cap, and the most unfavorable separation condition for the analysis is selected. The impact of the vertical separation of the bridge on the impact of the block is verified by calculating the lateral collision force of the block when the main beam and bent cap are separated. We calculate the changes in the vertical positions of the main beam and pier under multiple separation collision processes and select two characteristic parameters, the collision force and the collision position. According to the specifications, the impact of the structural collision caused by the separation conditions on the failure mode of the block is verified.