Tumor microenvironment, the soil where tumor thrives, plays a critical role in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). Various cell signaling molecules in the environment promote tumor angiogenesis, immune tolerance and facilitate immune escape. Exosomes, as messengers between tumor and host cells, are considered key mediators involved in the tumor-accelerating environment. However, the exosome-mediated communication networks in the CRC microenvironment are still largely unclear. In this review, we summarized the relationship between TME and CRC based on recent literature. Then, we revealed the unique impacts and signal molecules of exosomes on account of their regulatory role in the flora, hypoxia, inflammatory and immunological microenvironment of CRC. Finally, we summarized the therapeutically effective of exosomes in CRC microenvironment and discussed their current status and prospects, aiming to provide new molecular targets and a theoretical basis for the CRC treatment.
Two nondestructive methods based on visible and near-infrared (VIS-NIR) spectroscopy and X-ray image have been used for the evaluation of watermelon quality. The prediction performance based on partial least squares (PLS) by di®use transmittance measurement (500-1010 nm) was evaluated for chemical quality attributes SSC (Rc ¼ 0:903; RMSEC ¼ 0:572% Brix; Rp ¼ 0:862; RMSEP ¼ 0:717% Brix; RPD ¼ 1:83), lycopene (Rc ¼ 0:845; RMSEC ¼ 0:266 mg/ 100 gFW; Rp ¼ 0:751; RMSEP ¼ 0:439 mg/100 gFW; RPD ¼ 1:13) and moisture (Rc ¼ 0:917; RMSEC ¼ 0:280%; Rp ¼ 0:937; RMSEP ¼ 0:276%; RPD ¼ 2:79). The X-ray calibration linear equations developed by extracting the appropriate gray threshold were su±ciently precise for volume (R 2 ¼ 0:986) and weight (R 2 ¼ 0:993). In order to optimize prediction model of watermelon quality in growth period, multivariate multi-block technique factor analysis enabled integration of these traits: chemical information is related to physical information. Applying principle component analysis to extract common factors and varimax with Kaiser normalization to improve explanatory, the comprehensive indicator based on variances was established satisfactorily with Rc ¼ 0:94, RMSEC ¼ 0:244, Rp ¼ 0:93, RMSEP ¼ 0:344 and RPD ¼ 2:00. A comparison of these models indicates that the comprehensive indicator determined only by portable VIS-NIR spectrometer appears as a suitable method for appraising watermelon quality nondestructively on the plant at di®erent ripen stages. This method contributes to infer the This is an Open Access article published by World Scienti¯c Publishing Company. It is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (CC-BY) License. Further distribution of this work is permitted, provided the original work is properly cited.
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