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Almond-shell-based charcoal was prepared by carbonizing almond shells under nitrogen atmosphere. Nanoporous carbon (NPC) was formed using the obtained activated charcoal by using potassium hydroxide. NPC exhibited a large surface area (1075 m 2 /g), narrow pore-size distribution (1-2 nm). NPC with Nafion was used to modify glassy carbon electrodes to prepare a highly-sensitive electrochemical sensor for simultaneous determination of dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA) through differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The detection limits (S/N = 3) for DA and UA were estimated to be 0.22 and 0.34μM, respectively. The as prepared electrodes were also used to detect UA and DA in human urine. The experimental data indicated that this easy, low-cost method can facilitate accurate, fast and simultaneous detection of DA and UA.

ZnCo-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based on ZIF-8 and ZIF-67 were synthesized at room temperature. Direct carbonization of the ZnCo-MOF under nitrogen atmosphere produced a nanoporous ZnCo/C composite which exhibited a large surface area (1111.499 m2∙g−1) and narrow pore-size distribution (1 ∼ 2 nm). A glassy carbon electrode was modified with the nanoporous ZnCo/C and Nafion for the electrochemical determination of the antibiotic metronidazole by linear sweep voltammetry. Under optimal conditions, the reduction peak current (observed at −0.66 V vs Ag/AgCl) increased linearly with increasing metronidazole concentration in the range of 0.05–100 μM, with a detection limit estimated at 17 nM. These results are attributed to the large surface area, porous structure, high nitrogen content, and synergistic effects of the Zn and Co constituents. The sensor was satisfactorily used for metronidazole analysis in pharmaceutical samples.

Almond shell-based charcoal was prepared by carbonizing almond shells in a nitrogen atmosphere.

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