End of life vehicle (ELV) is a significant renewable resource with enormous economic value and environmental value. This paper introduced a novel approach that combines the gray correlation and Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) with an interactive technique in order to consider both quantitative and qualitative features simultaneously in ELV plant facility layout problem. The gray interval number of gray correlation is used as the expert's evaluation score of the impact factor of the ELV dismantling plant, DEMATEL constructs a direct impact matrix by analyzing the causal relationship between various influencing factors in the system. The proposed approach is applied to the case of a realistic ELV dismantling plant, and the evaluation framework for an ELV plant layout alternatives and design assessment analysis also conducted. The results show that it provides a systematic decision support tool and a feasible approach for evaluation of ELV disassembly plant layout alternatives.
Na0.5Bi4.5‐xCexTi4O15 (x = 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10) lead‐free piezoelectric ceramics with high Curie temperatures are fabricated using the conventional solid‐phase method. The effects of the Ce content on the phase structures, morphologies, and electrical properties of the Na0.5Bi4.5‐xCexTi4O15 ceramics are systematically investigated. The appropriate content of Ce increases b/a and c/a and induces the distortion of the crystal structure. The increased b/a leads to a transverse asymmetry of the Na0.5Bi4.5‐xCexTi4O15 ceramics, which facilitates the dipole flipping, thus enhancing the piezoelectric properties (d33 = 20 pC/N). Although the improved c/a increases the degree of tetragonality of the Na0.5Bi4.5‐xCexTi4O15 ceramic, which decreases the Curie temperature (TC), the TC values of all samples are higher than 600°C, considerably higher than the practical application temperature. The Ce doping significantly reduces the dielectric loss of the sample and increases its dielectric performance. The improvements in electric properties by the cerium doping can expand its use in high‐temperature environments for oilfield logging, aerospace, and military applications.
Electrocaloric effects due to entropy change and dipole coupling upon electric field in second-order phase transition (tetragonal-cubic) ferroelectrics are investigated by a three-dimensional Devonshire's theory and statistic method. In diabatic condition, increase in vibration entropy to heat the ferroelectric is due to decreases in polarization entropy and configuration entropy of dipole reorientation in the specific directions. Coupling effect originated from the reorientation of dipoles accompany with electric hysteresis loop happens in the nearest neighbor dipoles parallel to electric field direction. Numerical simulations exhibit that polarization effect causes electrocaloric peak at the Curie's temperature independent of electric field, reorientation effect of dipole causes a shift of electrocaloric peak to high temperature with electric field, and coupling effect between dipoles gives rise to increase in electrocaloric effect with decreasing temperature. A method to predetermine the excellent electrocaloric effect of ferroelectrics from dielectric and/or polarization experimental results is proposed.
K E Y W O R D Scoupling, electrocaloric effect, entropy, ferroelectrics, polarization | 1383 CHEN Et al.
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