The multiple effects of ecosystem restoration programmes deserve attention. After reviewing the social-ecological effects of 23 ecosystem restoration programs in Asia's drylands, we find that these programmes mainly contribute to sustainable development goals (SDGs) synergistically, but the trade-offs between social-ecological effects still exist. Among the five goals of SDG15 (Life on Land), SDG13 (Climate Action), SDG6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG1 (No poverty), and SDG2 (Zero Hunger), 11 programs can synergistically achieve no less than three goals, especially grassland restoration and water diversion in China, as well as water management programmes in Israel. However, the contribution of ecosystem restoration programs to SDG15 easily weakens SDG6, SDG1, and SDG2, indicating the competition of land and water between ecosystem restoration and agriculture. To reduce the trade-offs among SGDs caused by ecosystem restoration, we propose the social-ecological system research framework of 'Dryland Boundary -Water, Food, Energy and Ecosystem Nexus -Meta-coupling -Nature-based Solutions' to guide the implementation of ecosystem restoration programmes from four aspects: supply-demand matching, element matching, regional matching, and local adaptation.
The Asian Alpine Belt (AAB) region extends from the Tibetan Plateau to the Caucasus. Rapid climate change and increasing anthropogenic pressures in the ecologically sensitive alpine area are making the achievement of sustainable development goals in the AAB more challenging. The water–food–energy–ecosystem (WFEE) nexus describes the trade-offs and synergies among the various elements of water, food, energy resources, and natural ecosystems relevant for sustainable development. The optimization of the WFEE nexus in the AAB region has become a vital issue for reaching sustainability in this ecologically fragile Eurasian region and its developing countries. In this paper, we broadly classify research into four types based on a compilation of recent research on the WFEE nexus in the AAB region: ecohydrological processes, agriculture and livestock, clean energy, and local social adaptation. We use the classification–coordination–collaboration approach to build an optimized conceptual framework to indicate a future research path. The outlook includes enhanced identification of the WFEE nexus, scientifically rational decision-making, and attention to cross-sector and transnational collaboration to support the realization of sustainable development goals in the AAB region.
There are successful and failure cases of PPP financing model projects in China. Combined with the respective interests of the two main participants of the PPP project, the government and social capital, the application analysis of the PPP model in China’s infrastructure sector put forward the view that demand analysis plays a key role in the success or failure of the PPP project. Based on this, combined with the characteristics of infrastructure, the characteristics and production of infrastructure rigid demand and elastic demand are briefly analyzed. The typical basic resources of water resources are taken as examples to analyze the rigid demand and elastic demand of water resources,and how to analyze the demand analysis of PPP projects, and explore them in cross-regional water markets.
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