A long-term romantic relationship can offer many benefits to committed individuals. Thus, humans possess relationship maintenance mechanisms to protect against threats from those who serve as attractive alternatives or intrasexual rivals. Many studies have indicated that romantic love can act as a commitment device to activate these mechanisms. To examine the attentional bias associated with relationship maintenance among 108 college students (49 single and 59 committed females) in China, we used a semantic priming procedure to activate mental representations associated with romantic love and then asked participants to complete a dot-probe task for the purpose of making a distinction between the engage and disengage components of attention. No significant engaging effects toward attractive faces were observed among committed females, but the following significant disengaging effects were found: when primed with romantic love, single females showed increased attention toward and difficulty in disengaging from attractive male faces, whereas females already in a committed relationship did not alter their attention, remaining as inattentive to attractive alternatives as they were in the baseline condition. In addition, committed females responded to love priming by exhibiting difficulty in disengaging from attractive rivals. The present findings provide evidence in the Chinese cultural context for the existence of early-stage attentional processes in the domain of relationship maintenance that committed Chinese females protected an ongoing relationship by not only being inattentive to attractive males who could serve as attractive alternatives, but also being more attentive to attractive females who could be potential rivals when mental representations associated with romantic love were primed.

The objective of the current study was to explore the estimated prevalence of childhood sexual abuse in China. We conducted a meta-analysis that used the data from 36 articles. A total of 125 independent samples and 131,734 participants were included. The results revealed no significant difference in the prevalence of childhood sexual abuse between Chinese men (9.1%) and women (8.9%). The prevalence of childhood sexual abuse in studies from mainland areas was significantly higher than that from Hong Kong/Taiwan. The estimated prevalence of childhood sexual abuse in China also differed according to the definition of child sexual abuse, data collection method, year of data collection, and the mean age of participants at the time of assessment.

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Heterosexual individuals may possess evolved psychological mechanisms that help protect their ongoing romantic relationships against external threats from other attractive individuals. The current study used love priming and a dot-probe task to examine the attentional bias associated with long-term relationship maintenance by comparing between 52 single heterosexual men and 57 heterosexual men in exclusive romantic relationships, in the Chinese context. The results showed that single men responded to love priming with greatly increased attention to and difficulty disengaging from attractive women, whereas committed men were largely inattentive to attractive alternatives irrespective of the situation. The present findings provide evidence on the domain of relationship maintenance from a Chinese cultural context, and suggest that Chinese men protect an ongoing relationship by being automatically inattentive in early-stage attentional processing to attractive women who could serve as attractive alternatives.

Recent studies have investigated whether conscious awareness is necessary for semantic integration. Although results have varied, simultaneous presentation of words have consistently led to greater semantic integration than sequential presentation in a single location. The current studies were designed to investigate whether the disadvantage of sequential presentation for unconscious semantic integration is specific to unfamiliar word-byword presentation in one location or extends to the more natural reading conditions of viewing items sequentially from left to right. In Experiment 1, when the first three characters of Chinese idioms were presented simultaneously under masked conditions, performance on a separate two-alternative forcedchoice recognition task was at chance level. Despite being unaware of the identity of prime characters, participants were faster to indicate that a subsequent item was a Chinese character when it was congruent with the beginning of the idiom, thus providing evidence of semantic integration. In contrast, when the three (Experiment 2) or two (Experiment 3) prime characters were presented sequentially in time from left to right, there was no evidence of semantic integration. These results indicate that unconscious semantic integration is more limited than previously reported, and may require simultaneous visual presentation.

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Objective: This study investigated whether participants could process the same/different pointing relation between two sequentially displayed subliminal arrows in a prime across a window of time. Method: The motor-response priming was distinguished from the visual feature priming. Of the two types of priming, only the motor-response priming could reflect an unconscious integrated processing of the pointing directions of two arrows. In two experiments, the two masked arrows pointing in the same or different directions (e.g., > > or > <) were presented sequentially at different spatial locations in the prime, followed by two arrows also pointing in the same or different directions in the target. A fixed interstimulus interval (ISI) of 50 ms was used between the prime and the target but two ISIs (0 and 32 ms) were used between the presentations of the two prime arrows. In Experiment 1, two prime arrows were presented sequentially one immediately after the other. In Experiment 2, the ISI between the two prime arrows was extended to 32 ms. In addition, due to its moderate power, Experiment 2 was replicated using another group of participants. Results: The results of Experiment 1 did not show any visual priming effect, but revealed a strong positive reaction time (RT)/accuracy motor-response priming effect. The results of Experiment 2 and its replicated version revealed moderate positive RT motor-response priming effects when the two target arrows were pointing in the same directions. Conclusions: Overall, the study indicated that the pointing relation of two subliminally and sequentially displayed arrows could be processed only when the two arrows were presented extremely close in time. K E Y W O R D Sarrow pointing relation, motor-response priming effect, sequentially presented subliminal arrows, unconscious integration, visual feature priming effect † Shen Tu and Qiuxia Liang contributed equally to this work.

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