All-solid-state
batteries (ASSBs) using an alkali metal anode and
a solid-state electrolyte (SE) face several problems due to poor physical
and electrical contact. Recent experiments have shown that applying
a stack pressure can improve the interface contact and suppress void
formation. The mechanical properties of Na metal are different from
those of Li metal, leading to differences in the mechanisms of the
pressure-dependent interface evolution. Herein, we report a three-dimensional
time-dependent model for tracking the evolution of interfaces formed
between Na metal and Na-β″-alumina SE. Our results show
that Na metal contacts more conformally with the SE, providing a lower
interfacial resistance, compared with Li metal, assuming equal resistance
due to contamination. The differences due to contact elastoplasticity
are larger than the differences in metal creep effects. In fact, we
show that increased stack pressure can lead to lower creep because
the contact is more conformal at high pressures. Our excellent agreement
with recent experiments determines an effective hardness of Na in
the Na-SE batteries to be 15 MPa. The results further reveal that
the pressure dependence of void suppression is dominated by contact
elastoplasticity.
To prevent illegal use of clenbuterol and for quality control in the food industry, more efficient and reliable methods for clenbuterol detection are needed. In this study, clenbuterol was detected using a spectral imaging surface plasmon resonance sensor system via two inhibition methods: (1) the target site compensation method, in which anti-clenbuterol antibody was immobilized on the sensor chip as a bioprobe and (2) the solution competition method in which a clenbuterol-BSA conjugate was immobilized on the sensor chip as the bioprobe. The detectable clenbuterol concentration ranged between 6.25 and 100 μg/mL for both methods. The clenbuterol limit of detection for the target site compensation method and solution competition method are estimated to be 6.7 and 4.5 μg/mL, respectively. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the detection of clenbuterol molecules and were found to have high specificity and high-throughput and were label free and operationally convenient.
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