The stress and strain in the vessel wall are important determinants of vascular physiology and pathophysiology. Vessels are constrained radially by the surrounding tissue. The hypothesis in this work is that the surrounding tissue takes up a considerable portion of the intravascular pressure and significantly reduces the wall strain and stress. Ten swine of either sex were used to test this hypothesis. An impedance catheter was inserted into the carotid or femoral artery, and after mechanical preconditioning pressure-cross-sectional area relations were obtained with the surrounding tissue intact and dissected away (untethered), respectively. The radial constraint of the surrounding tissue was quantified as an effective perivascular pressure on the outer surface of the vessel, which was estimated as 50% or more of the intravascular pressure. For carotid arteries at pressure of 100 mmHg, the circumferential wall stretch ratio in the intact state was approximately 20% lower than in the untethered state and the average circumferential stress was reduced by approximately 70%. For femoral arteries, the reductions were approximately 15% and 70%, respectively. These experimental data support the proposed hypothesis and suggest that in vitro and in vivo measurements of the mechanical properties of vessels must be interpreted with consideration of the constraint of the surrounding tissue.

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Facing the fact of declining sales of firms, promotions serve as an important tool to facilitate short-term sales. Yet, marketers still face the question of promotion effectiveness based on consumer self-disclosure behavior. In this paper, we examine the effects of self-relevant information disclosure on promotional response as well as the mechanism and boundary conditions associated with this effect. Four studies using both real and fictitious brands across a variety of contexts were conducted to test the hypotheses and show that self-disclosure contributes to promotional response because of the enhanced feeling of deservingness. Moreover, this research also demonstrates that self-disclosed consumers from a lower social class are more likely to respond to promotions.Taken together, these insights contribute to the research on promotions and self-disclosure and can be helpful to marketers by suggesting some guidelines for developing cost-effective promotion strategies, for example, identifying the target consumer segments for promotions.

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Scale-model wind tunnel pressure measurements were carried out for rectangular-plan high-rise buildings with plan ratios ranging from 0.11 to 9. Mean, fluctuating, and peak wall pressure coefficient distributions and area-averages were investigated. In addition, comparisons with the ASCE 7-16 provisions for the Main Wind Force-Resisting System (MWFRS) were made. The results show that the plan ratio has significant effects on pressure coefficients on the leeward and side walls for plan ratios less than about 4. The largest mean base shear coefficient occurs for plan ratio of about 0.67, with large values in the range of 0.5 to 1, but decreasing for larger or smaller plan ratios. ASCE 7-16 mean load coefficients tend to underestimate the data, particularly because of the values on leeward walls. ASCE 7-16 also underestimates the peak load coefficients due to the value of the gust effect factor. For rigid buildings, ASCE 7-16 has a gust effect factor of 0.85, while measurements indicate that it is closer to 1 for plan ratios between 0.67 and 2. Thus, the overall mismatch between the ASCE 7-16 MWFRS loads and the measured data is due to both the mean pressure coefficients and the gust effect factor. For plan ratios below 0.67, the decrease in plan ratio tends to be favorable for the MWFRS load coefficients; while for plan ratios above 4, the effects of plan ratios on the MWFRS load coefficients are limited.