BACKGROUND: The access to safe drinkingwater is increasingly difficult, especially in water catchment or coastal areas. Due to the difficulty, people in coastal areas tend to consume ready-to-use refilled drinking-water. However, the sanitation facilities on most drinking-water refill depots do not meet the requirements, hence really prone to microbial contamination. We conducted this study to determine the types of bacteria causing the contamination of refilled drinking-water from refill depots in Abeli, a coastal area in Kendari.METHODS: Samples were collected from all 6 drinkingwater refill depots in Abeli. Three-series fermentation tubes were used for the microbiological test, including the presumptive, confirmative and completed tests. The biochemical test was performed with indole test, methyl red test, Voges-Proskauer test, and citrate utilization test (IMViC) methods and the triple sugar iron agar (TSIA) test.RESULTS: Among 6 refilled drinking-water samples, we found the growth of coliform bacterial colonies in 3 samples, exhibiting various characteristics. Based on the characteristics, both microbiological and biochemical, the identified bacteria were Proteus sp., Escherichia coli and Klebsiella oxytoca.CONCLUSION: Bacteria that contaminated refilled drinking-water in Abeli were Proteus sp., E. coli and K. oxytoca. Continuous supervision is required to ensure the quality of water from drinking-water refill depots.KEYWORDS: bacteria, Proteus sp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, coastal areas, refilled drinking water
The Indonesian government has made various efforts to prevent and control COVID-19. Implementing the new normal after the COVID-19 pandemic has encouraged people to do activities as before, with the obligation to implement strict health protocols. However, the incidence of COVID-19 in Indonesia continues to increase, as is Konawe Regency as the district with the first positive case report of COVID-19 in Southeast Sulawesi and currently has six sub-districts with red zone status. This is because many people are not aware of carrying out the government's appeal in implementing health protocols. This community service aims to increase public knowledge in efforts to control COVID-19 by applying health protocols. Educational activities carried out online through online media include video conferencing in the form of a webinar through Google Meet was attended by 86 participants, live streaming on social media Facebook and Instagram, broadcasting educational videos on local TV channels, and conducting offline activities in the form of installing educational posters. Education through online media is one of the uses of internet technology, and its reach is wide and can be a solution for education during the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis results show that education through online media effectively increases public knowledge regarding COVID-19 and the application of health protocols in the normal new era.
Background : Gastrointestinal infections, especially caused by Shigella dysenteriae bacteria is still a health issue in Indonesia. The number of ampicillin resistance to S. dysenteriae has been widely reported. Garlic (Allium sativum) is a traditional medicine that efficacy as an antibacterial. Garlic contains an organosulfur compound Allicin. Research Purpose: This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of garlic rule extract on the growth of S. dysenteriae bacteria that are resistant to ampicillin. Research Methods: This study used the experimental with post test only control group design. The antibacterial activity test was determined based on the diameter of clear zone formed. Test were performed on garlic filtrate, ciprofloxacin as a positive control and aquades as a negative control. Each treatment was performed three times. Research Result: This research showed that rule extract of garlic (A. sativum) had a clear zone against S. dysenteriae that was resistant to ampicillin. Conclusion: The conclusion of this research was that rule extract of garlic (A. sativum) had an antibacterial activity against S. dysenteriae which resistant to ampicillin. Keywords : Antibacterial activity, Garlic (A. sativum), S. dysenteriae
This study aims to determine the antibacterial effect of the Ethanol Extract of Cocor bebek leaves (Kalanchoe pinnata) on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi. The study is a true experimental, using a posttest only control group design with the independent variable being the extract of cocor bebek leaves (Kalanchoe pinnata). This study found that extracts of cocor bebek leaves (Kalanchoe pinnata) with a concentration of 7.5% and 15% had no inhibitory power, while at concentrations of 30% and 60% had weak inhibitory power as the minimum inhibitory power, and a concentration of 100% had inhibitory power, and strong on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Meanwhile for the growth of Salmonella typhi, a concentration of 7.5% from 3 repetitions had an average inhibition zone of 1.2 mm. for a concentration of 15% has an average inhibition zone diameter of 3 repetitions of 2.2 mm. concentration of 30% from 3 rolls has an average inhibition zone of 12.6 mm. for a concentration of 60% has an average inhibition zone of 3 repetitions of 19.8mm. There is antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of cocor bebek leaf (Kalanchoe pinnata) against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi.
Hepatitis B is an inflammatory liver disease caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). In Indonesia, the prevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) is 9.4%, categorizing the country as endemic hepatitis B. HBV has been classified into at least ten genotypes and four serotypes. Each genotype has different clinical significance and virologic characteristics, which can be an independent risk factor of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in addition to the male sex, older age, and positive Hepatitis B Envelope Antigen status. Telbivudine antiviral therapy suppressed the virus, but in case of resistance mutations, the mutant might grow continuously due to drugs inefficiency. This study aimed to detect the genotypes and serotypes of HBV in hepatitis B chronic patients after 12 weeks of telbivudine treatment. The subject of this study involved 26 patients with chronic hepatitis B, receiving 12 weeks treatment of telbivudine in the gastrohepatology division of the RSUP Wahidin Sudirohusodo hospital. The HBV genotype was identified by analyzing the HBV P gene, while the serotype was detected by deducing the nucleotide of the HBV S gene that overlapped with the P gene. Nine samples (75%) were genotype b, and three samples (25%) were genotype c. for serotype, six (50.0%), three (25.0%), and three (25.0%) samples were ayw, adw, and adr, respectively. genotype b is generally associated with less progressive liver disease than genotype c. genotypes b and c are prevalent in highly endemic areas in which the perinatal or vertical transmission play an important role in spreading the virus.
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