Optic nerve head lesion is a common and unique manifestation of ocular CSD. Most patients improved and had final good VA. Combined antibiotics and corticosteroid treatment was associated with a better visual outcome.

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The etiology of Horner syndrome is usually known at the time of initial presentation to a neuro-ophthalmologist. When the etiology is not known and clinical information permits a targeted imaging evaluation, an etiology can usually be determined, most commonly a cervical carotid artery dissection or a cavernous sinus mass. When the etiology is not known and clinical information is insufficient to allow a targeted imaging evaluation, an etiology is rarely discovered. Even so, nontargeted imaging is warranted because life-threatening lesions, such as thyroid malignancies, may rarely be detected.

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Asymptomatic disc edema generally resolves with no visual loss, but one third of patients progress to full-blown AION. Diabetes mellitus is common in patients with asymptomatic optic disc edema. Perhaps patients diagnosed as having diabetic papillopathy actually have an impending AION that does not progress to overt disease.

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