Optic nerve head lesion is a common and unique manifestation of ocular CSD. Most patients improved and had final good VA. Combined antibiotics and corticosteroid treatment was associated with a better visual outcome.

No abstract

The etiology of Horner syndrome is usually known at the time of initial presentation to a neuro-ophthalmologist. When the etiology is not known and clinical information permits a targeted imaging evaluation, an etiology can usually be determined, most commonly a cervical carotid artery dissection or a cavernous sinus mass. When the etiology is not known and clinical information is insufficient to allow a targeted imaging evaluation, an etiology is rarely discovered. Even so, nontargeted imaging is warranted because life-threatening lesions, such as thyroid malignancies, may rarely be detected.