The intensification and development potential of the aquaculture sector has created challenges in finding alternative sources of protein for use in fish feed diets to develop feeds that provide adequate nutrition for fish growth while reducing the use of traditional protein sources. Therefore, the paper aimed to study the feasibility and effectiveness of feed additives “Bio-Mos” and “NuPro®” when implementing them into the diet of this year's carp (Сyprinus carpio). Researches were carried out in the conditions of the fishery “Rudnyky” of the Mykolaiv district of the Lviv region. The object of the study was this year's carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), which were grown in monoculture with artificial feed. In our research, it was found that the maximum average monthly temperature of the water supply source is set in August – +25.6 °С. The oxygen concentration was in the range of 6.5–7.3 mg/dm3. The highest values of permanganate oxidation were found in August – 12.8 g O2/m3, NO2 content increased slightly in July (0.052 mgN/l) and August (0.071 mgN/l) the number of nitrates increased slightly in August and September at 0.360 mgN/l and 0.281 mgN/l. The concentration of NH4+ was at the level of minimum values – 0.151–0.331 mg N/dm3. The phosphate content (PO4-3) fluctuated slightly in the range of 0.11–0.18 mg P/dm3. As a result of research, it was found that when the drug “NuPro” was included in the diet, the average individual weight of this year's carp was higher during the caught period by 24.3 %, and when using the additive “Bio-Mos” this figure exceeded the control by 28.6 %. Accordingly, the total mass of caught young carp from the second experimental pond exceeded this figure in the first control pond by 45.0 %, and in the third experimental pond, respectively – by 57.4 %. At the same time, “NuPro” та “Bio-Mos” increase the survival of young people from 9.3 % to 16.7 %. Therefore, when using feed additives “NuPro” and “Bio-Mos” in the amount of 2 % by weight of feed has a positive effect on the productivity of this year`s carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), which are grown in the III zone of fish farming.
Intensification and development potential of the aquaculture sector have created problems relating to the ecological purity and quality of the final fish product. In the conditions of Ukraine, there is extremely little information regarding the objects of trout fishing. Therefore, the purpose of our work was to investigate and analyse individual chemical and biochemical parameters of muscle tissue of commercially profitable and valuable indigenous species of salmon fish grown under the same conditions. As the materials for research the brown trout (Salmo trutta m. fario), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the age of a year and a half (1+) served. According to the results of the research, moisture composition in the muscular tissue of brown trout was higher compared to rainbow trout and brook trout (P<0.01). In brook and rainbow trout, the amount of the protein is significantly higher (P<0.01) than in brown trout. The content of ash in brook trout, brown and rainbow trout was 1.23 %, 1.16 %, 1.25 %, respectively. The percentage of total lipids in the muscle tissue of rainbow trout and brook trout was significantly higher than in brown trout (P<0.01). The higher content of free cholesterol and mono-and diacylglycerols in brook trout compared to the brown and rainbow trout (P<0.01) was noticed.
, Львівський національний університет ветеринарної медицини та біотехнологій імені С.З. Гжицького, м. Львів Мета. Дослідити та проаналізувати фенотипові показники і темпи лінійного та вагового росту дволіток трьох видів лососевих риб (Salmo trutta m. fario, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salvelinus fontinalis), вирощених у басейнах господарства «Рибний Потік» Закарпатської області. Методика. Матеріалом для досліджень слугували дволітки струмкової, райдужної форелей та американської палії. Морфометричні проміри риб здійснювали за загальноприйнятими методиками для лососевих риб (І. Ф. Правдіна). Дослідження маси проводились на електронних аналітичних вагах. Статистичне опрацювання матеріалу здійснювали в Microsoft Office Excel (2007). Аналіз величин виконано за системою абсолютних значень. Критеріями аналізу показників були їхні середня величина та похибка (M±m). Результати. На основі отриманих результатів проведено порівняльний аналіз морфометричних даних, екстер'єрних індексів та темпів росту досліджуваних видів риб.
The material for the study were Lubin carp of one year old spontaneously invaded by the ectoparasites Lernaea cyprinacea and Dactylogyrus vastator. For the experiment we used drugs: "Brovermectin-granulate" (development of “BFP” serial production; 1 g of the preparation contains: active substance (ADR) ivermectin – 3.5 mg; tocopherol acetate (20 mg) and Emamectin benzoate (manufactured by King Quenson Industry Group; 1 g of preparation contains ADR emamectin benzoate (50 mg). Analyzing morphological, biochemical and immunological parameters of blood and organs of fish, it is possible to state that the fact that the anti-parasitic drugs “Brovermectin granulate” and “Emamectin benzoate” has a pronounced antiparasitic effect, normalizing the homeostasis of the body. The results obtained showed significant fluctuations in the number neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes. In ectoparasites infested of fishes used for macrocyclic lactones, y leukocyte formula sharply increases the percentage of rod-shaped neutrophils and at the same time decreases the proportion of lymphocytes. At the same time, there is an increase in the number of eosinophils that perform the function of protecting the body of fish from parasites. Eosinophilia, as in the higher vertebrates, is one of objective indicators of allergy (sensitization) of the body, nature the course of inflammatory processes. The results obtained indicate a decrease in the production of total T-lymphocytes are cells that play a key role in the immune system protection in the body of carp for damage by ectoparasites. In analyzing the above data, attention is drawn to the lower functional the activity of the blood T-lymphocyte system in ectoparasites infested with fish, than those given antiparasitic drugs. From this it follows that the ability of the blood lymphocytes of the fish to which the drugs from the group were given of macrocyclic lactones, before pathogen binding and production of antigens the antibodies that neutralize them are much higher than the fish affected ectoparasites. The immune system in fish provides self-regulation through direct contact of cells (macrophages, neutrophils, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes) as well as due to humoral factors (lysozyme, complement). The use of drugs from the group of macrocyclic lactones promotes the release of infested fish from ectoparasites with the following normalization of their life, increase of immune status and resistance.
The article presents data on the content and seasonal fluctuations of the basic hydrochemical parameters in the basins of the cold water farms the active reaction of water (pH), oxygen content, total organic matter content (permanganate oxidation), nutrient element (NH4+, NO3+, NO2+, PO43-), concentration of basic ions (НСО3-, SO42-, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ + K+), as well as alkalinity and general hardness were determined. The results of studies to neutral indicate that in the water of the pools used pH was as close as possible (6.70–7.2). The fluctuations in the value of permanganate oxidation throughout the study period were insignificant from 2.47 g О/м3 to 3.60 g О/м3. The alkalinity of the water fluctuated within the limits of 0.88–1.17 mg-ekv/l. It was foundout that the water in the basins was not polluted with nitrates (NO3+), the nitrites (NO2+) were in meager quantities: 0.001–0.004 mgN/l. The content of ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4+) was negligible – 0.013–0.023 mgN/l. The content of the main anions in the water varied a little over the seasons, but it did not exceed the maximum allowable concentrations. The concentration of iron in the aquatic environment of the basins studied was in the range of 0.30–0.40 mgFe/liter. The index of total hardness during the study period was the lowest in the spring (1.93 mg ekv/l), and the it was in highest summer 2.47 mg eq./L. The water temperature is basically suitable for growing salmon species. The oxygen level for the investigated period was in the range of fluctuations from 7 to 10 mg/l. It was established that the basic hydrochemical parameters characterizing the water quality in the basins are in line with the fishery rules for the cultivation of the salmon species.
The article presents the research results on the growth dynamics of brook trout from caviar to commercial weight at different temperatures. Two groups of brook trout control and experimental individuals were formed to conduct the experiment, kept at different temperature regimes (control – natural water temperature, experimental – with partial heating at other times of the year up to 12 °С). The total duration of the embryonic period for brook trout, starting from fertilization of eggs and ending with free embryos at 2.8 °C was 101 days or 283 degrees-days; at 12 °C, incubation of eggs lasted 30 days (360 degrees-days). The yield of free trout embryos at a constant temperature was 90.5 % of the eggs laid for incubation. The yield of free embryos of brook trout, which was incubated at lower temperatures, was 82.9 %. The complete transition of brook trout larvae at a water temperature of 3.3 °C in the control group to artificial feed took place within 24 days of cultivation. In the experimental group, this transition lasted about ten days. The yield of larvae from embryos in control was 88.2 % in the experiment – 92.0 %. The larvae were then transplanted into 0.5 m3 plastic pools, where they were reared. Planting density in both cases was 5 thousand specimens/m2. The yield from rearing was almost the same and ranged from 91.4 to 92.5 %, but the average weight of young animals reared in heated water was significantly higher and was 3 g against 1.24 g in the control group. The duration of growing one-year-old trout was 240 days. The result was 3234 specimens of one-year-old in control weighing 15.57 g and 3603 specimens in the experiment weighing 35.5 g. The yield from cultivation was 77.0 and 85.8 %, respectively. Fish productivity was 2.5 times higher in the pool where the one-year-old research group was kept. The total weight of fish caught in the experimental group was 77.4 kg. One-year-old brook trout were planted in 30 m3 pools to produce marketable products. The average weight of fish of the control group at planting was 15.6 g, experimental – 35.5 g. 3000 specimens of one-year-old were planted in the pools. The duration of cultivation was 210 days. 2835 specimens were caught from the pools, the control pool, and 2874 specimens from the experimental one, with an average weight of 252.4 and 288.5 g, respectively. The total weight of fish caught was 1.2 times higher in fish of the experimental group. Fish productivity is 3.79 kg/m3 higher.
Carp is one of the few fish farms for which a wide range of technologies has been developed: from extensive, with minimal human intervention in the formation of fish productivity of the reservoir, to intensive, with the most controlled production conditions. Carp has many biological features, enhanced by centuries of breeding work, making this fish extremely “technological”, able to more or less fully realize the genetically determined bioproductive properties of different breeding technologies. Technologies for growing commercial carp according to the level of intensification of the production process can be divided into extensive (grazing), semi-intensive, intensive, and continuous, as a distinct type of intensive technology for growing carp in ponds and pools. Extensive technology assumes that the fish will feed exclusively on natural food, zooplankton, and bottom fauna. In this case, the cost of growing carp will be the lowest; the fish will be called “ecological”, but the growth of individuals will be insignificant. Semi-intensive technology assumes that carp feed on natural feeds, and their energy needs are met by providing carbohydrate additives to feed. Intensive technology believes that carp feeding with compound feeds with high protein content is used, which allows achieving productivity of 3–20 tons/ha. This system requires the highest costs, although it gives the highest performance. The pond must provide additional aeration and water flow to prevent contamination of the reservoir and the development of fish diseases. The main disadvantage of popular carp growing technologies is their staging. All operations are carried out strictly one after another in specialized ponds. Moreover, each stage ends with the descent of the tanks, and the fish are transplanted several times from one to another (from spawning to juvenile, from them to nursery). During this, the carp is injured, which negatively affects its productivity and inevitably leads to waste. To remedy this, fish farming is now using continuous rearing technology. The choice of technology for growing carp is a responsible task on which the profitability of fisheries depends.
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