We report for the first time the characterization of glass-ceramics for optical refrigeration. Ytterbium-doped nanocrystallites were grown in an oxyfluoride glass matrix of composition 2YbF(3):30SiO(2)-15Al(2)O(3)-25CdF(2)-22PbF(2)-4YF(3), forming bulk glass-ceramics at three different crystalisation levels. The samples are compared with a corresponding uncrystalised (glass) sample, as well as a Yb:YAG sample which has presented optical cooling. The measured X-ray diffraction spectra, and thermal capacities of the samples are reported. We also report for the first time the use of Yb:YAG as a reference for absolute photometric quantum efficiency measurement, and use the same setup to characterize the glass and glass-ceramic samples. The cooling figure-of-merit was measured by optical calorimetry using a fiber Bragg grating and found to depend on the level of crystallization of the sample, and that samples with nanocrystallites result in higher quantum efficiency and lower background absorption than the pure-glass sample. In addition to laser-induced cooling, the glass-ceramics have the potential to serve as a reference for quantum efficiency measurements.
Due to the attractive benefits with regard to bone health, digestion, and hydration, carbonated water consumption have rapidly grown over the past few years. However, the acidic drink has latent potential for enamel erosion. The most experimental studies about the enamel erosion have focused on the carbonated beverages with sugar and artificial sweeteners. Here, we determined the enamel erosion potential by commercially available carbonated waters with bovine teeth. The erosion was verified by pH value, calcium concentration, and scanning electron microscope. Then plaque accumulation by bacterial adhesion was determined on the enamel erosion surface to measure roughness. In the present study, we observed that the increased calcium content after being immersed in carbonated waters result from the overall enamel erosion. There were no significant differences between general carbonated waters and mineral waters for erosive capacity. Therefore, commercially available carbonated waters are potentially erosive. In addition, oral bacteria strongly adhered to the erosive enamel surfaces thereby facilitating the development of dental plaque. Thus, it is urgently necessary to provide food safety information on the carbonated water as acidic drink to prevent the enamel erosion. 공중보건사업의 일환으로 시행되고 있는 수돗물불소농 도조정사업에 의해 치아 우식증 발생이 감소되어 국민건강 보험 재정 안정화를 이끌었던 반면, 치아 침식증 유병률과
1. Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are a family of transporter proteins that have been extensively recognized as key determinants of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of various drugs. Human OATP1A2 has been demonstrated to transport wide spectrum of endogenous and exogenous compounds. Study on OATP1A2 orthologues of other species, however, is still limited. 2. Here, we described the cloning and functional characterization of a member of the OATP/Oatp family member obtained from pig (Sus scrofa) liver. Sequence analysis suggested that it has a high homology with human OATP1A2 and bovine Oatp1a2. Prototypic substrates estrone-3-sulfate (E-3-S) and taurocholic acid were transported by the protein. The transport of these two substrates is pH-dependent, with lower pH showing higher uptake function. Kinetic study showed the transport of these two substrates have a Km of 42.5 ± 12.1 and 33.1 ± 8.7 µM, respectively. Pig Slco1a2 has the highest expression level in the liver, and to a less extend in the brain and small intestine. 3. In conclusion, an OATP member was cloned from pig liver. Sequence analysis and phylogenic study revealed it as an orthologue of human OATP1A2. Its kinetic characteristic for prototypic substrates and organ distribution are similar with that of OATP1A2.
We report on the characterization of oxyfluoride glasses and glass ceramics for their application in optical refrigeration. Oxide glasses are chemically and mechanically stable and relatively ease to handle and fabricate, but their high maximum phonon energy leads to a nonradiative decay rate which is unacceptable for optical refrigeration. On the other hand, low-maximum phonon energy hosts such as fluorides lack the desirable mechanical and chemical stabilities to make them widely used. The combination of the high chemical and mechanical stability of oxides and the low maximum phonon energy of fluorides make oxyfluorides strong potential candidates for wide-spread use in optical refrigeration. Glasses and ultra-transparent glass-ceramics of molar composition 30SiO 2 -15Al 2 O 3 -(27-x)CdF 2 -22PbF 2 -4YF 3 -xYbF 3 , with x = (2, 5, 8, 12, 16 and 20) mol % are investigated. The absorption and photoluminescence spectra, as well as the lifetime and the external quantum efficiency of the photoluminescence for these samples using an integrating sphere are reported. The effects of reabsorption on the measured mean fluorescence wavelength are also reported. The cooling efficiencies of the samples were measured as a function of the pump wavelength using a calorimetric method with a Ti:Sapphire laser pump source and a fiber Bragg grating sensor for a direct temperature measurement. Impurities and background absorption are also investigated using different pump sources and the calorimetric method. From a comparison of the cooling/heating performance of the oxyfluoride glasses and glass-ceramics containing various Yb 3+ amounts, we developed a strategy to realize and enhance optical refrigeration in this class of material.
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