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Shortly after the March 11th earthquake and tsunami in eastern Japan, a Task Team for Disaster Waste Management and Reconstruction was established within the Japan Society of Material Cycles and Waste Management (JSMCWM). One of the major tasks undertaken by the team was to create a manual entitled, Strategies for Separation and Treatment of Disaster Waste. In this paper, this JSMCWM manual is introduced, followed by a review of existing guidelines for disaster waste management in various countries. We identify useful guidelines created by international agencies, national and local governments. The JSMCWM manual adds our new experiences, especially characterized by a huge scale of disaster and tsunami information, to the existing knowledge with an emphasis on separation and subsequent treatment options. It should be desirable to share our knowledge and experiences, not only domestically but also with other countries in the world, especially regions that could be affected by large earthquake and tsunami events.

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This article focuses on the historical development of landfill technology since the beginning of the nineteenth century in Japan. The regulations and guidelines that form a framework for the technology are reviewed, and the historical background and the current state of Japanese municipal solid waste (MSW) management are described. Through the analysis of data collected from facility leaflets, changes in the leachate treatment system are surveyed. Finally, the concept of the "sustainable bioreactor landfill with low organics" is proposed. Key words Landfill · Municipal solid waste · Leachate treatment · Regulation · Sustainability Sanitary landfill and technical regulationAfter the event at Yume-no-shima, the practice of covering landfills with soil 30 cm thick was started, and this continued in most areas of Japan in the 1960s. With intermediate J Mater Cycles Waste Manag (2005) 7:104-111

Two new pre-treatment methods (water-washing/carbonation and carbonation/phosphate stabilisation) of municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator residues were evaluated by column leaching tests under aerobic conditions and anaerobic conditions (which were changed to aerobic conditions after 10 months). A mixture of bottom ash and fly ash (5:1 ratio) was pre-treated using each method. Shredded incombustible residues (SIR) were added to each ash preparation in proportions similar to the ratios present in landfills. For comparison, landfill wastes typical of Japan, i.e., a mixture of bottom ash, chelating-pre-treated fly ash, and SIR, were also examined. Leachate samples were collected periodically and analysed over a 15-month period.When compared to chelating pre-treatment, both water-washing/carbonation and carbonation/phosphate stabilisation reduced the leaching of Pb, Al, and Cu by about 1-2 orders of magnitude. Moreover, the initial concentrations of Ca and Pb in leachates from column of water-washing/carbonation were 56-57% and 84-96% less than those from column of carbonation/phosphate stabilisation. Therefore, water-washing/carbonation was considered to be a promising approach to obtain early waste stabilisation and to reduce the release of heavy metals to near-negligible levels. The leaching behaviour of elements was also discussed.

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The mathematical formulations in a one-dimensional compartment model of the biodegradation of organic landfill components are described. The model is designed to switch between anaerobic and aerobic conditions, depending on the local oxygen concentration. The model also includes the effect of environmental factors, such as moisture content, pH, and temperature, on reaction rates. The model includes not only biodegradation processes for carbon compounds (acetate, CO2, CH4), but also for nitrogen compounds involved in nitrification and denitrification due to their significance in landfills. Two example runs to simulate anaerobic and aerobic waste were conducted for a single landfill unit cell by changing the organic content and diffusion coefficient.