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Ever since the interest in organic environmental contaminants first emerged 50 years ago, there has been a need to present discussion of such chemicals and their transformation products using simple abbreviations so as to avoid the repetitive use of long chemical names. As the number of chemicals of concern has increased, the number of abbreviations has also increased dramatically, sometimes resulting in the use of different abbreviations for the same chemical. In this article, we propose abbreviations for flame retardants (FRs) substituted with bromine or chlorine atoms or including a functional group containing phosphorus, i.e. BFRs, CFRs and PFRs, respectively. Due to the large number of halogenated and organophosphorus FRs, it has become increasingly important to develop a strategy for abbreviating the chemical names of FRs. In this paper, a two step procedure is proposed for deriving practical abbreviations (PRABs) for the chemicals discussed. In the first step, structural abbreviations (STABs) are developed using specific STAB criteria based on the FR structure. However, since several of the derived STABs are complicated and long, we propose instead the use of PRABs. These are, commonly, an extract of the most essential part of the STAB, while also considering abbreviations previously used in the literature. We indicate how these can be used to develop an abbreviation that can be generally accepted by scientists and other professionals involved in FR related work. Tables with PRABs and STABs for BFRs, CFRs and PFRs are presented, including CAS (Chemical Abstract Service) numbers, notes of abbreviations that have been used previously, CA (Chemical Abstract) name, common names and trade names, as well as some fundamental physico-chemical constants.

End-of-life vehicles (ELV) have become a global concern as automobiles have become popular worldwide. An international workshop was held to gather data and to discuss 3R policies and ELV recycling systems, their background and present situation, outcomes of related policies and programs, the framework of recycling and waste management, and case studies on related topics in several countries and regions, as well as the essential points of the comparison. Legislative ELV recycling systems are established in the EU, Japan, Korea, and China, while in the US, ELV recycling is managed under existing laws on environmental protection. Since automobile shredding residue (ASR) has a high calorific value and ash content, and includes heavy metals as well as a mass of unclassified fine particles, recycling ASR is considered highly difficult. Countries with a legislative ELV system commonly set a target for recovery rates, with many aiming for more than 95 % recovery. In order to reach this target, higher efficiency in ASR recovery is needed, in addition to material recycling of collectable components and metals. Environmentally friendly design was considered necessary at the planning and manufacturing stages, and the development of recycling systems and techniques in line with these changes are required for sound ELV management.

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Concentrations and congener compositions of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (Co-PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were determined in seven Halowax (HW) preparations. In HW 1000 and 1031, low-chlorinated naphthalenes (CNs) and in HW 1051, highly chlorinated naphthalenes were dominant, whereas tri- through penta-CNs were major homologues in other Halowaxes. Concentrations of Co-PCBs were in the range of 2.0-2600 ng/g. CB 105 and 118 were dominant in all Halowaxes. Concentrations of PCDDs/DFs were in the range of 92-5900 ng/g. The 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TEQs) in Halowaxes calculated from the amounts of PCNs, Co-PCBs, and PCDDs/DFs were in the range of 2800-220,000 ng-TEQ/g. PCNs accounted for most of the total TEQs in Halowaxes, and the contribution of PCDDs/DFs and Co-PCBs to total TEQs was less than 1/1000 that of PCNs. Congeners that most significantly contributed to TEQs were CN 69, 73, 70, and 63. Total TEQs roughly estimated from the Japanese production of technical PCNs, 210 kg-TEQ, was about half from technical PCBs, 440 kg-TEQ on average.

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