The article contains sections titled: 1. Alkylphenols 1.1. Physical Properties 1.2. Chemical Properties 1.3. Occurrence, Formation, Isolation 1.4. Production, General 1.4.1. Alkylation of Phenols 1.4.2. Other General Processes 1.5. Industrially Important Alkylphenols 1.5.1. Polymethylphenols 1.5.2. Ethylphenols 1.5.3. Isopropylphenols 1.5.4. sec ‐Butylphenols 1.5.5. tert ‐Butylphenols 1.5.6. tert ‐Pentylphenols 1.5.7. Higher Alkylphenols 1.5.8. Cycloalkylphenols 1.5.9. Aralkylphenols 1.5.10. Alkenylphenols 1.5.11. Indanols 2. Catechol 2.1. Physical Properties 2.2. Chemical Properties 2.3. Production 2.4. Uses 2.5. Economic Aspects 2.6. Toxicology 3. Trihydroxybenzenes 3.1. Pyrogallol 3.2. Hydroxyhydroquinone 3.3. Phloroglucinol 4. Bisphenols (Bishydroxyarylalkanes) 4.1. Physical Properties 4.2. Chemical Properties 4.3. Production 4.4. Analysis, Testing, Storage 4.5. Uses, Economic Aspects 4.6. Toxicology 5. Hydroxybiphenyls 5.1. Physical Properties 5.2. Chemical Properties 5.3. Production 5.4. Analysis, Quality Specifications, Storage 5.5. Uses 5.6. Toxicology 6. Phenol Ethers 6.1. Properties 6.2. Production 6.3. Representative Phenol Ethers 7. Halogen Derivatives of Phenolic Compounds 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Representative Compounds

Shikonin derivatives were produced from cell suspension cultures of Lithospermum erythrorhizon for the first time. The results of studies on various culture media showed that the type of nitrogen source in the medium greatly influenced the production of these derivatives. When nitrate was the nitrogen source, stable production of shikonin derivatives by the cell suspension culture took place. We also found that ammonium as the nitrogen source conspicuously inhibited the production of shikonin derivatives.

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An excellent new medium was developed for the production of shikonin derivatives by suspension cultures of Lithospermum erythrorhizon. We investigated the effects of all the components of White's medium on the production of these derivatives. Nitrate, phosphate, copper, sulfate and sucrose had especially marked effects. With the new, M-9, medium produced from these studies the yield of shikonin derivatives was 1400 mg/l and the yield for dried cells was about 12%, whereas it was 120 mg/l, or about 2% with White's medium.

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From low-iron cultures of Vibrio fluvialis AQ 0012, two new compounds with siderophore activity were purified by XAD-7 adsorption followed by preparative TLC. Norspermidine and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid were identified as constituents common to both compounds by GC-MS analyses of their acid hydrolytic products. In addition, L-threonine was identified in the hydrolysate of one compound, named fluvibactin. Based on high magnetic NMR analyses, the structure of fluvibactin was established as N4-[2-(2,3-dihydroxy-phenyl)-trans-5-methyl-2-oxazoline-4-yl]carboxy-N1, N7- bis-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-norspermidine, and that of the other compound as N1,N7-bis-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-norspermidine. The structures were supported by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Both of the purified compounds restored growth inhibition of the producer strain and V. cholerae Non-O1 induced by ethylenediamine di-(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid), a potent synthetic chelating agent of ferric iron.

Clostridium cellulovorans 743B was isolated from a wood chip pile and is an anaerobic and mesophilic spore-forming bacterium. This organism degrades native substrates in soft biomass such as corn fiber and rice straw efficiently by producing an extracellular enzyme complex called the cellulosome. Here we report the genome sequence of C. cellulovorans 743B.

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