The article contains sections titled: 1. Alkylphenols 1.1. Physical Properties 1.2. Chemical Properties 1.3. Occurrence, Formation, Isolation 1.4. Production, General 1.4.1. Alkylation of Phenols 1.4.2. Other General Processes 1.5. Industrially Important Alkylphenols 1.5.1. Polymethylphenols 1.5.2. Ethylphenols 1.5.3. Isopropylphenols 1.5.4. sec ‐Butylphenols 1.5.5. tert ‐Butylphenols 1.5.6. tert ‐Pentylphenols 1.5.7. Higher Alkylphenols 1.5.8. Cycloalkylphenols 1.5.9. Aralkylphenols 1.5.10. Alkenylphenols 1.5.11. Indanols 2. Catechol 2.1. Physical Properties 2.2. Chemical Properties 2.3. Production 2.4. Uses 2.5. Economic Aspects 2.6. Toxicology 3. Trihydroxybenzenes 3.1. Pyrogallol 3.2. Hydroxyhydroquinone 3.3. Phloroglucinol 4. Bisphenols (Bishydroxyarylalkanes) 4.1. Physical Properties 4.2. Chemical Properties 4.3. Production 4.4. Analysis, Testing, Storage 4.5. Uses, Economic Aspects 4.6. Toxicology 5. Hydroxybiphenyls 5.1. Physical Properties 5.2. Chemical Properties 5.3. Production 5.4. Analysis, Quality Specifications, Storage 5.5. Uses 5.6. Toxicology 6. Phenol Ethers 6.1. Properties 6.2. Production 6.3. Representative Phenol Ethers 7. Halogen Derivatives of Phenolic Compounds 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Representative Compounds

Shikonin derivatives were produced from cell suspension cultures of Lithospermum erythrorhizon for the first time. The results of studies on various culture media showed that the type of nitrogen source in the medium greatly influenced the production of these derivatives. When nitrate was the nitrogen source, stable production of shikonin derivatives by the cell suspension culture took place. We also found that ammonium as the nitrogen source conspicuously inhibited the production of shikonin derivatives.

No abstract

An excellent new medium was developed for the production of shikonin derivatives by suspension cultures of Lithospermum erythrorhizon. We investigated the effects of all the components of White's medium on the production of these derivatives. Nitrate, phosphate, copper, sulfate and sucrose had especially marked effects. With the new, M-9, medium produced from these studies the yield of shikonin derivatives was 1400 mg/l and the yield for dried cells was about 12%, whereas it was 120 mg/l, or about 2% with White's medium.

No abstract