Reduction of energy consumption in the building sector has been identified as a major instrument to tackle global climate change and improve sustainability. In this paper, we propose a methodology to address a retrofit planning problem at a community level, with a building resolution. The resulting tool helps local decision-makers identify pertinent actions to improve the environmental behavior of their territories. Two building retrofit levers are considered, namely envelope insulation and heating systems replacement. Retrofit planning is treated here as a single-objective optimization problem aimed at reducing the total costs of retrofit actions by minimizing their net present value. A multidimensional multiple-choice knapsack problem formulation is proposed through the adoption of adequate decision variables. It suitably balances the complexity induced by the large number of potential retrofit action combinations and the number of variables in the problem and permits a linear formulation. An optimization of virtual building stocks is performed to highlight the developed model's capacity to tackle large problems (5,000 buildings) in a few minutes. Finally, three analyses finally are led on a real case-study territory, featuring both appropriate retrofit solutions and building stock information. Long-term evaluation of retrofit strategies over the shortterm results in an additional 10% reduction of energy consumption and greenhouse gases emissions and encourages thermal insulation. When targeting a 40% reduction in energy demand, retrofit costs ranging from 20 to 800e/m 2 are observed. Finally, the developed method was used to draw a CO 2 abatement cost curve at territory level. A 70% reduction of emissions can be achieved with costs under 50 e/tCO 2 e.
Reduction of the energy consumption is a key lever to tackle climate change, but identification of the retrofit actions to undertake within a building stock remains a challenging scientific problem. This paper presents a complete methodology able to design action plans at a territory level with a building resolution. The economic and energetic modeling of the retrofit context is detailed before introducing a linear 0-1 optimization formulation which is used to arbitrate between both building envelope insulation and heating system replacement measures. A 500 buildings territory study case is then presented to illustrate the potential of the developed tool.
The manual shift of residential wet appliances (dishwashers, washing machines and tumble dryers) in French households that have subscribed to a Time of Use (ToU) tariff represents a flexibility potential available already today and at zero-cost. To quantify this flexibility, a bottom-up model is here proposed and validated. This includes a stochastic occupant behaviour model for predicting the use of the wet appliances and an overlying agent-based model to predict their shifting under the ToU tariff. The model is validated using empirical data collected in a recent monitoring campaign, which provided energy measurements from 60 dishwashers, 100 washing machines and 23 tumble dryers in 107 French households for a period of 1 year.
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