The present study was delineated to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of camel brucellosis in Northern Somalia (Somaliland). The study was carried out at three main districts of camel-rearing regions of Somaliland (Awdal, Waqoyi Galbed and Togdheer) in the period from July to November, 2008. A total of 1246 camel blood sera were randomly collected from 42 sporadic small scale camel herds. Two serological tests were used to screen all serum samples, Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and indirect ELISA (I-ELISA). Multivariate logistic regression was constructed to study the risk factors associated with Brucella seropositive cases. The overall prevalence of camel brucellosis in districts under investigation was 3.9% by RBPT and 3.1% by (I-ELISA). Multivariate logistic regression on animal level showed that locality (P < 0.05; OR: 6.254; CI, 1.186-32.976), herd size (P < 0.001; OR: 5.493; CI, 2.956-10-207), rearing with other ruminants (P < 0.001; OR: 12.433; CI, 3.957-39.060), and contact with other camels (P < 0.05; OR: 5.311; CI, 1.093-25.800) were the potential risk factors. However, herd size (P < 0.05; OR: 5.425; CI, 1.181-24.932), and rearing with other ruminants (P < 0.05; OR: 20.466; CI, 1.456-28.638) were recorded as risk factors on the herd level. The results of the present investigation indicate that the Brucella spp. exists within the camel herds in Somaliland. Further studies need to be done on Brucella infection in the other ruminants to determine which measure should be followed for control of brucellosis.

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Viruses related to equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) were isolated from an aborted fetus of an onager (Equus hemionus) in 1984, an aborted fetus of Grevy's zebra (Equus grevyi) in 1984 and a Thomson's gazelle (Gazella thomsoni) with nonsuppurative encephalitis in 1996, all in the USA. The mother of the onager fetus and the gazelle were kept near plains zebras (Equus burchelli). In phylogenetic trees based on the nucleotide sequences of the genes for glycoproteins B (gB), I (gI), and E (gE), and teguments including ORF8 (UL51), ORF15 (UL45), and ORF68 (US2), the onager, Grevy's zebra and gazelle isolates formed a genetic group that was different from several horse EHV-1 isolates. Within this group, the onager and gazelle isolates were closely related, while the Grevy's zebra isolate was distantly related to these two isolates. The epizootiological origin of the viruses is discussed.

The present study showed that the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in overall studied ruminants (cattle, sheep and goats) where highest with Trichsrtongylus Axei 26.9% (n=343), Lungworm (Dictyocaulus spp.) 9.8%, (n= 125), Eimeria (Coccidia) 7.2% (n=92), Ascaris (Neoscaris vitulorum) 3.6% (n=14), and Homonchus contortus 2.3% (n=30) respectively. For cattle, the overall prevalence was 30.9% (n=120) with highest by Trichsrtongylus Axei 22.9% (n=89), Ascaris 3.6% (n=14), Lungworm 2.3% (n=9) and Homonchus 2.1% (n=8) respectively. For sheep, the overall prevalence was 60.7% (n= 282) with highest by Trichsrtongylus Axei 30.5% (n=142), Lungworm 17.8% (n=83), Eimeria 9.3% (n=43), and Homonchus 2.6% (n=14) respectively. For goats, the overall prevalence was 47.8% (n=202) with highest by Trichsrtongylus Axei 26.5% (n=112), Eimeria 11.6% (n=49), Lungworm 7.8% (n=33) and

ABSTRACT. The pathogenicities of RacL11 and Kentucky D strains of equine herpesvirus 1 in the hamster infection model are different from those of Ab4p and the Japanese isolates. Virus genome restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and sequence comparison of an intergenic region, glycoproteins and tegument genes showed higher conservation but with some strain-specific differences. These results indicate that point nucleotide differences in RacL11 and Kentucky D might be responsible for their pathogenicity in rodent models. KEY WORDS: EHV-1, pathogenicity.

A random survey to study the seroprevalence of caprine brucellosis has been carried out during January to May 2011 in Matbool village of Kafrelsheikh Governorate, Egypt. A total number 276 sexually mature goats blood sera were collected from randomly sporadic 12 flocks of accessible unvaccinated goats to be analyzed. Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and indirect ELISA (I-ELISA) were used to screen all serum samples. On herd level, out of 12 flocks examined, 8 (66.66%) and 9 (75.0%) flocks were seropositive by RBPT and I-ELISA respectively. On animal level, overall seroprevalence of brucellosis among examined goats were 6.16% (n=17), and 7.97% (n=22) by RBPT and I-ELISA respectively. A non significant differences were found between the examined goats in relation to sex (p=0.8). As out of examined 112 male goats sera, 5.36% (n=6) and 7.14% (n=8) by RBPT and I-ELISA respectively, while for 164 female goats sera, 6.7% (n=11), and 8.54% (n=14) by RBPT and I-ELISA respectively. These results indicate high specificity of I-ELISA for brucella diagnosis in comparison to RBT.

The present study was conducted during the period from January to July 2010 at Elmehala Elkubra surrounding villages of Gharbia province where living conditions are rural communities. A total of 236 (132 male and 104 female) donkeys were randomly selected from rural places and subjected to qualitative coprological examinations to identify the major parasites involved in parasitic burden. Donkeys were grouped in to two age categories (under two years of age were classed as young and of two to ten years were classed as adult. Comparisons between age groups and sexes were made for donkeys. The parasites encountered in donkeys had a total prevalence of 82.21% (194/236). Single infection was 54.13% (105/194) while mixed infection was 45.87% (89/194). Nematodes had highest prevalence 69.92% (165/236). Strongyles were more prevalent 34.75% (82/236), followed by Parascaris equorum 15.26% (36/236), Oxyuris equi A Coprological Survey Of Donkey Parasites In ...

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