Onychomycosis is an infection caused by a fungus that causes discoloration and thickening of the nail layer, and it is the most common nail infection in the world. Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigital is the most common anthropophilic dermatophytes that trigger it. Onychomycosis is caused by yeasts such as Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis, as well as moulds such as Aspergillus spp. Treatment is determined by the type of nail invasion, the fungus genus, and the number of nails affected. Approaches towards conventional methods showed certain drawbacks which emphasizes the need for alternate approaches to produce better therapeutic efficacy of a product. The present review focused on reporting an updated classification of Onchyomycosis, causative organisms, factors influencing drug permeation, novel treatment strategies for Onychomycosis, drug permeation enhancement methods.
In this investigation, a novel in-situ emulgel of acetazolamide was developed and evaluated. The gel was prepared using corn oil, pectin, and GellanGum at different concentrations of 10%-50% (w/w) and added to the homogenizer tube followed by the addition of the emulsifier (Tween 80 and span 80 in the ratio of 1:1) at 0.2% (w/w). The pH of all five formulations was between 5.58 and 5.75. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum of all the formulations showed broadband in between the wavenumber range of 3,700 cm −1 and 2,980 cm −1 . The FTIR spectrum of all the formulations showed broadband in between the wavenumber range of 3,700 cm −1 and 2,980 cm −1 . The drug content in the samples was determined by a spectrophotometer at 267 nm The drug release mechanism may be Fickian transport (0.45 ≤ n), anomalous (non-Fickian) transport (0.45 ≤ n < 0.89), and/or super case-II transport (n > 0.89).The n values of all formulations were greater than 0.45. The in-vivo corneal tolerance experimentation of the prepared formulation eyes was assessed for 72 hours and found to be biocompatible based on visual inspection.
Peptic ulcer is a condition which results from an imbalance between offensive and defensive factors of gastrointestinal system. The investigation was designed to evaluate the antiulcer activity of Symplocos racemosa whole plant methanol extract (MESR) in rat model of indomethacininduced gastric ulceration. The total acidity, gastric volume, pH and free acidity were measured to determine the anti-ulcer activity of MESR. Pretreatment with MESR (125-500 mg/kg) markedly reduced the indomethacin-induced increase in gastric ulcer index and score. These results revealed that antisecretory effects MESR were responsible for antiulcer activity of MESR.
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