Transungual Drug Delivery System for the Topical Treatment of Onychomycosis:
A Review

Giri, Yashwant; Behera, Amulyaratna; Mohanty, Biswaranjan; Pattnaik, Gurudutta; Habibullah, Sk

doi:10.2174/2210303112666220224110100

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 138 publications

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“…Treatment offer a non-invasive and convenient approach to treating onychomycosis, particularly for mild to moderate cases and when systemic Antifungal medications are either intolerable or contraindicated. Current advancements in topical treatments have focused on improving efficacy and safety profiles [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] .…”

Section: Advancements In Oral Treatments: Oralmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2024

IJPSR

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The most prevalent condition affecting the nails is onychomycosis. It is a typical nail fungal infection that causes millions of individuals globally. Yeasts, non-dermatophyte moulds, and dermatophytes can all be the cause. It's not only results in physical discomfort but also has a major negative effect on the affected person's quality of life. This infection affects the nails of the toes and fingers, causing discoloration, thickness, and brittleness of the nails. While the condition is not life threating, but it can be uncomfortable and unsightly, leading many patients to seek treatment. Previously these treatments ranged from oral medication to topical ointments and laser therapy, each with its benefits and drawbacks Fortunately, recent improvements in onychomycosis diagnosis and treatment have provided new hope for patients. It will deal with the recent treatment available and the novel treatment which can be developed. In this comprehensive review, we will explore the latest research and developments in the field, discussing novel treatment modalities, diagnostic techniques, and safety considerations. Additionally, new techniques include photodynamic treatment and laser therapy are discussed, emphasizing their potential in overcoming the limitations of traditional treatments. Furthermore, we examine the importance of early diagnosis and patient education in improving treatment outcomes. INTRODUCTION:Nail fungus, or onychomycosis, is characterised by thickness, discoloration, and detachment of the nail from the nail bed. Dermatophytes, like Trichophyton rubrum and mentagrophytes, are the main culprits; they cause about 90% of nail infections in toenails and 75% of nail infections in fingers. Onychomycosis can also be caused by other organisms, such as yeasts and non-dermatophyte Moulds 1-5 .

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Section: Advancements In Oral Treatments: Oralmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2024

IJPSR

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“…Nevertheless, the drawbacks of using gels in treating nail diseases include the unease of application due to viscosity and their dissipation from the nail surface during day-to-day activities. However, in situ gelling systems have been introduced where they are present in a liquid state at certain conditions (temperature, pH, and ionic strength) and then subsequently transformed into a gel (Sol-Gel Transition) upon changing these conditions, i.e., after application to the nail [9]. Poloxamers are a famous example that undergoes transition due to temperature fluctuations.…”

Section: Gelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Endonyx onychomycosis is caused by Trichophyton soudanense and Trichophyton violaceum, and invades the superficial surface and goes deeper into the nail plate. The end stage of the disease is total nail dystrophy which is characterized by thickening and yellow discoloration of the nail plate [5,8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contemporary Techniques and Potential Transungual Drug Delivery Nanosystems for The Treatment of Onychomycosis

Abd-Elsalam

Abouelatta

2023

AAPS PharmSciTech

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The humanoid nail is considered an exceptional protective barrier that is formed mainly from keratin. Onychomycosis is the cause of 50% of nail infections that is generally caused by dermatophytes. Firstly, the infection was regarded as a cosmetic problem but because of the tenacious nature of onychomycosis and its relapses, these infections have attracted medical attention. The first line of therapy was the oral antifungal agents which were proven to be effective; nevertheless, they exhibited hepato-toxic side effects, alongside drug interactions. Following, the opportunity was shifted to the topical remedies, as onychomycosis is rather superficial, yet this route is hindered by the keratinized layers in the nail plate. A potential alternative to overcome the obstacle was applying different mechanical, physical, and chemical methods to boost the penetration of drugs through the nail plate. Unfortunately, these methods might be expensive, require an expert to be completed, or even be followed by pain or more serious side effects. Furthermore, topical formulations such as nail lacquers and patches do not provide enough sustaining effects. Recently, newer therapies such as nanovesicles, nanoparticles, and nanoemulsions have emerged for the treatment of onychomycosis that provided effective treatment with possibly no side effects. This review states the treatment strategies such as mechanical, physical, and chemical methods, and highlights various innovative dosage forms and nanosystems developed in the last 10 years with a focus on advanced findings regarding formulation systems. Furthermore, it demonstrates the natural bioactives and their formulation as nanosystems, and the most relevant clinical outcomes. Graphical Abstract

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“…Sol-gel-based nanocarriers are in a liquid state under specific conditions of temperature, pH, and ionic strength, and this state is subsequently transferred into a gel as the conditions are changed [14]. The sol-gel-based nanocarriers method stands as an appealing approach for formulating products due to its capacity to uphold product purity while also providing a large surface area [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermo-Responsive Sol-Gel-Based Nano-Carriers Containing Terbinafine HCl: Formulation, In Vitro and Ex Vivo Characterization, and Antifungal Activity

Bajwa,

Tabassam,

Hameed

et al. 2023

Gels

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The current research aims to create a sol-gel-based nanocarrier containing terbinafine formulated for transdermal delivery of the drug into the skin. Sol-gel-based nanocarriers were prepared via the cold method using poloxamer-188, poloxamer-407, and distilled water. The prepared formulation was examined for pH, gelation temperature, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) analysis, thermal stability analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size analysis, zeta potential, and anti-microbial activity. The in-vitro drug release study of F1 was found to be 94%, which showed greater drug release as compared to F2 and F3. The pH of the formulation was found to be within the range applicable to the skin. The gelation temperature was detected at 28 °C. The SEM images of formulations have spotted various particles well-segregated from each other. Analysis of formulations showed a mean globule size diameter of 428 nm, zeta potential values of 0.04 mV, refractive index (1.329), and viscosity (5.94 cP). FTIR analysis confirmed various functional groups’ presence in the prepared formulation. Thermal analysis has confirmed the stability of the drug within the prepared formulation. The growth of inhibition was found to be 79.2% in 60 min, which revealed that the prepared formulation has shown good permeation from the membrane. Hence, the sol-gel-based nanocarrier formulation of terbinafine was successfully developed and evaluated.

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Transungual Drug Delivery System for the Topical Treatment of Onychomycosis: A Review

Cited by 6 publications

References 138 publications

Untitled

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Contemporary Techniques and Potential Transungual Drug Delivery Nanosystems for The Treatment of Onychomycosis

Thermo-Responsive Sol-Gel-Based Nano-Carriers Containing Terbinafine HCl: Formulation, In Vitro and Ex Vivo Characterization, and Antifungal Activity

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