Multimodality imaging-guided therapy can improve the diagnostics and therapeutics efficiency of cancer. Herein, we developed a light-responsive nanotheranostic agent based on the indocyanine green (ICG) conjugated mesoporous silica coated gold nanobipyramid (GNB@SiO 2 ) (denoted as GNB@SiO 2 -ICG) for simultaneous fluorescence (FL)/photoacoustic (PA) imaging-guided photothermal therapy (PTT). The GNB@SiO 2 with excellent photostability was used for PA imaging as well as PTT. The loaded ICG promised FL imaging and PTT. The feasibility of the cancer theranostic capability of GNB@SiO 2 -ICG was evaluated from cancer cells to mice. Under the guidance of FL/PA imaging, GNB@SiO 2 -ICG exhibited remarkably enhanced therapeutic efficacy, which could eliminate the tumor tissues completely without tumor recurrence. This well-defined nanotheranostic nanoplatform that intelligently integrates dual-modality imaging and phototherapy provides an efficient nanoplatform for cancer nanotheranostics.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has attained extensive attention as a noninvasive tumor treatment modality. However, the hypoxia in solid tumors, skin phototoxicity of “always on” photosensitizers (PSs), and abundant supply of glutathione (GSH) in cancer cells severely hampered the clinical applications of PDT. Herein, a self-oxygenation nanoplatform (denoted as CZCH) with GSH depletion ability was encapsulated into the hyaluronic acid microneedle patch (MN-CZCH) to simultaneously improve the biosafety and therapeutic efficacy of PDT. The Cu2+-doped porous zeolitic imidazolate framework incorporated with catalase (CAT) is capable of efficiently loading PS 2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-divinylpyropheophorbic-a (HPPH). The CZCH intermingled MN patch (MN-CZCH) could effectively penetrate the stratum corneum, topically transport HPPH to the target tumor site, achieve a long tumor retention time, and enhance the efficacy of PDT via the simultaneously synergistic effect of CAT-catalyzed self-supplying O2 and Cu2+-mediated GSH depletion. Using traceable fluorescence (FL) imaging of the released HPPH from CZCH, the FL imaging-guided repeatable PDT can be achieved for enhanced antitumor efficacy. As a result, the MN-CZCH patch exhibited excellent therapeutic efficacy against melanoma with minimal toxicity, which has promising potential for cancer theranostics.
Hydrogels have been widely explored to adapt to different application circumstances. As typical wet‐soft materials, the high‐water content of hydrogels is beneficial to their wide biomedical applications. Moreover, hydrogels have been displaying considerable application potential in some high‐tech areas, like brain‐computer interface, intelligent actuator, flexible sensor, etc. However, traditional hydrogel is susceptive to freezing below zero, dehydration, performance swelling‐induced deformation, and suffers from mechanical damage in extremely mechanical environments, which result in the loss of wet‐soft peculiarities (e.g., flexibility, structure integrity, transparency), greatly limiting their applications. Therefore, reducing the freezing point, improving the dehydration/solution resistance, and designing mechanical adaptability are effective strategies to endow hydrogels with the extreme environmental adaptability, thus broadening their application fields. This review systematically summarizes research advances of environmentally adaptive hydrogels (EAHs), comprising anti‐freezing, dehydration‐resistant, acid/base/swelling deformation‐resistant, and mechanical environment adaptive hydrogels (MEAHs). Firstly, fabrication methods are presented, including the deep eutectic solvent/ionic liquid substituent, the addition of salts, organogel, polymer network modification, and double network (DN) complex/nanocomposite strategy, etc. Meanwhile, the features of different approaches are overviewed. The mechanisms, properties, and applications (e.g., intelligent actuator, wound dressing, flexible sensor) of EAHs are demonstrated. Finally, the issues and future perspectives for EAHs’ researches are demonstrated.
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are a promising class of immune agonists that trigger the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) to activate both innate and acquired immunity. However, the efficacy of CDNs is limited by drug delivery barriers. Therefore, we developed a combined immunotherapy strategy based on injectable reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive hydrogels, which sustainably release 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) as known as a STING agonist and indocyanine green (ICG) by utilizing a high level of ROS in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The STING agonist combined with photothermal therapy (PTT) can improve the biological efficacy of DMXAA, transform the immunosuppressive TME into an immunogenic and tumoricidal microenvironment, and completely kill tumor cells. In addition, this bioreactive gel can effectively leverage local ROS to facilitate the release of immunotherapy drugs, thereby enhancing the efficacy of combination therapy, improving the TME, inhibiting tumor growth, inducing memory immunity, and protecting against tumor rechallenge.
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