Non-thermal atmospheric plasma (NTAP) modification to induce a hydrophilic titanium (Ti) surface with less carbon contamination, has been demonstrated to boost the osteogenic responses. In this study, we investigated the underlying bone formation mechanism of NTAP-Ti, and the involvement of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in regulating osteogenic activities on NTAP-Ti surfaces. NTAP was employed for Ti activation, and PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, was applied to the suppression of PI3K/Akt pathway. We systematically and quantitatively detected the cell morphology, attachment, proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 mouse preosteoblasts, and molecular expressions involved in osteogenesis and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. A descent in osteoblast proliferation on Ti surfaces in relation to LY294002. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, as well as matrix mineralization, was mitigated by PI3K inhibitor in NTAP-Ti. Likewise, the expression levels of osteogenesis-related genes [ALP, osteocalcin (Ocn), osteopontin (Opn) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2)] on NTAP-Ti were notably attenuated by LY294002, as confirmed by the results of osteogenesis-related proteins (ALP, and Runx2) expression analysis. In addition, the expression of PI3K/Akt signal pathway proteins further verified the inhibition of LY294002 on Ti surfaces modified by NTAP. Collectively, the PI3K/Akt signal pathway was involved in the amelioration of osteogenesis induced by NTAP modification. NTAP treatment for Ti activation is promising in augmented osteogenic potential through the activation of PI3K/Akt signal pathway.
Background: Hydrophilic dental implants are gaining increasing interest for their ability to accelerate bone formation. However, commercially available hydrophilic implants, such as SLActive™, have some major limitations due to their time-dependent biological aging and lower cost-effectiveness. The non-thermal atmospheric plasma (NTAP) treatment is a reliable way to gain a hydrophilic surface and enhance osseointegration. However, a few studies have been carried out to compare the osseointegration of NTAP-functionalized titanium implants and commercially available hydrophilic implants.Purpose: In this study, we compare the osseointegration abilities of the NTAP-functionalized titanium implant and Straumann SLActive.Material and methods: The NTAP effectiveness was examined using in vitro cell experiments. Then, six beagle dogs were included in the in vivo experiment. Straumann SLActive implants, SLA implants, and SLA implants treated with NTAP were implanted in the mandibular premolar area of dogs. After 2 w, 4 w, and 8 w, the animals were sacrificed and specimens were collected. Radiographic and histological analyses were used to measure osseointegration.Results: NTAP treatment accelerated the initial attachment and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. In the in vivo experiment, bone parameters (e.g., BIC value and BV/TV) and volume of new bone of NTAP groups were close to those of the SLActive group. Additionally, although there was no statistical difference, the osseointegration of SLActive and NTAP groups was evidently superior to that of the SLA group.Conclusion: NTAP-functionalized implants enhanced cell interaction with material and subsequent bone formation. The osseointegration of the NTAP-functionalized implant was comparable to that of the SLActive implant at the early osseointegration stage.
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